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A Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cholera Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, in 2022

DANA KHDR SABIR

DANA KHDR SABIR

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Charmo UniversityChamchamal, Iraq
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SABIR, DANA KHDR
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ZHWAN TALIB HAMA

ZHWAN TALIB HAMA

Department of Dental Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of SulaimaniSulaimani, Iraq
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HAMA, ZHWAN TALIB
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KARZAN JALAL SALIH

KARZAN JALAL SALIH

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo UniversityChamchamal, Iraq
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SALIH, KARZAN JALAL
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KARZAN GHAFUR KHIDHIR

KARZAN GHAFUR KHIDHIR

Department of Biology, College of Science, University of SulaimaniSulaimani, Iraq
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KHIDHIR, KARZAN GHAFUR
  
24. März 2023
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Artikel-Kategorie: ORIGINAL PAPER
Online veröffentlicht: 24. März 2023
Seitenbereich: 39 - 46
Eingereicht: 28. Okt. 2022
Akzeptiert: 09. Feb. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2023-008
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© 2023 DANA KHDR SABIR et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

An example of Vibrio cholerae grown on TCBS media.
An example of Vibrio cholerae grown on TCBS media.

Fig. 2.

The result of the bacteriological identification of Vibrio cholerae. A) In the oxidase test, the purple color indicates a positive result; B) KIA test, acid/alkaline, no gas, no H2S; C) serologic identification of V. cholerae, showing agglutination for polyvalent O1 antiserum and monovalent Ogawa.
The result of the bacteriological identification of Vibrio cholerae. A) In the oxidase test, the purple color indicates a positive result; B) KIA test, acid/alkaline, no gas, no H2S; C) serologic identification of V. cholerae, showing agglutination for polyvalent O1 antiserum and monovalent Ogawa.

Fig. 3.

The phylogenetic tree analysis is based on the similarity of the 16S rRNA sequence of the newly isolated Vibrio cholerae to closely related species. The tree was built using MEGA7.0 software, the neighbor-joining method, and bootstrapped 1,000 replicate runs. The newly isolated are shown in bold, and the accession numbers are shown in parentheses after the strain names. The bar indicates substitutions per nucleotide.
The phylogenetic tree analysis is based on the similarity of the 16S rRNA sequence of the newly isolated Vibrio cholerae to closely related species. The tree was built using MEGA7.0 software, the neighbor-joining method, and bootstrapped 1,000 replicate runs. The newly isolated are shown in bold, and the accession numbers are shown in parentheses after the strain names. The bar indicates substitutions per nucleotide.

Fig. 4.

The number of suspected and positive cholera cases in the Shar hospital for both genders in June and July of 2022.
The number of suspected and positive cholera cases in the Shar hospital for both genders in June and July of 2022.

Fig. 5.

Box plot showing the number of diagnosed patients admitted to the hospital based on gender; A) comparison between both genders for each month; B) differences between the number of male cases in June and July as well as female cases in June and July. The values’ statistical significance (p-value) is shown above each box. The yellow dot in each box plot represents the mean value, and the horizontal line in each box represents the median value. A p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.
Box plot showing the number of diagnosed patients admitted to the hospital based on gender; A) comparison between both genders for each month; B) differences between the number of male cases in June and July as well as female cases in June and July. The values’ statistical significance (p-value) is shown above each box. The yellow dot in each box plot represents the mean value, and the horizontal line in each box represents the median value. A p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.

Percentage distribution of diagnosed cases according to age groups and gender for both June and July 2022_

Age group (years) Gender June July
Number of cases % Number of cases %
< 1 Male     0     0.00%     0     0.00%
Female     0     0.00%     0     0.00%
1–4 Male     0     0.00%     0     0.00%
Female     1     0.00%     0     0.00%
5–9 Male     4     0.10%     0     0.00%
Female     0     0.00%     0     0.00%
10–14 Male     9     0.30%     3     0.20%
Female   25     0.70%   15     1.20%
15–19 Male 149     4.30%   66     5.20%
Female 217     6.20%   95     7.40%
20–44 Male     1,156   33.30% 412   32.20%
Female 980   28.20% 379   29.60%
45–64 Male 340     9.80%   90     7.00%
Female 381   11.00% 131   10.20%
> 65 Male   97     2.80%   25     2.00%
Female 115     3.30%   64     5.00%
Total cases     3,474 100%     1,280 100%
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