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Practical Aspects of Using Modern Laser Scanning Techniques for Measuring Mine Excavations

Adam Agatowski

Adam Agatowski

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection
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Agatowski, Adam
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Mariusz Młynarczuk

Mariusz Młynarczuk

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection
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Młynarczuk, Mariusz
  
26. Juni 2024
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Artikel-Kategorie: Original Study
Online veröffentlicht: 26. Juni 2024
Seitenbereich: 176 - 183
Eingereicht: 30. März 2024
Akzeptiert: 10. Mai 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2024-0011
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© 2024 Adam Agatowski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

View of dust generated by a cutting machine during its operation.
View of dust generated by a cutting machine during its operation.

Figure 2:

Measurement site with a laser scanner in a mining excavation. A stationary scanner is visible in the central part of the photo. In the lower right corner, there is a mobile scanner intended to perform the measurement. In the background, three measuring spheres are marked with red arrows – two spheres placed on tripods under the geodetic network points and one additional sphere attached to the side of the excavation.
Measurement site with a laser scanner in a mining excavation. A stationary scanner is visible in the central part of the photo. In the lower right corner, there is a mobile scanner intended to perform the measurement. In the background, three measuring spheres are marked with red arrows – two spheres placed on tripods under the geodetic network points and one additional sphere attached to the side of the excavation.

Figure 3:

Example of spheres placed on tripods in a mining excavation. Red arrows mark the scanned spheres, and the green arrow indicates the location of the stationary scanner.
Example of spheres placed on tripods in a mining excavation. Red arrows mark the scanned spheres, and the green arrow indicates the location of the stationary scanner.

Figure 4:

View of filtered point cloud with visible measuring spheres (on the left) and a stationary scanner (on the right). The red lines mark the place where the height of a given sphere is measured.
View of filtered point cloud with visible measuring spheres (on the left) and a stationary scanner (on the right). The red lines mark the place where the height of a given sphere is measured.

Figure 5:

Diagram showing the distribution of points used for georeferencing purposes. Points with an unfavourable distribution are marked in red. Correctly distributed points are marked in blue for further use in calculations.
Diagram showing the distribution of points used for georeferencing purposes. Points with an unfavourable distribution are marked in red. Correctly distributed points are marked in blue for further use in calculations.

Figure 6:

Sample scan showing undesirable arrangement of measurement points (blue circles). The yellow circle marks an additional point on the crosscuts, which have also been measured to correct the unfavourable geometry of the reference points.
Sample scan showing undesirable arrangement of measurement points (blue circles). The yellow circle marks an additional point on the crosscuts, which have also been measured to correct the unfavourable geometry of the reference points.

Figure 7:

Preparatory mine excavation with an unfavourable geometry. Both the starting and finishing points of the scan (green circle) and the incorrectly planned scanning route (red arrows) are marked.
Preparatory mine excavation with an unfavourable geometry. Both the starting and finishing points of the scan (green circle) and the incorrectly planned scanning route (red arrows) are marked.

Figure 8:

Preparatory mine excavation with unfavourable geometry but measured correctly. The starting and finishing points of the scan are marked (green circle). The forward measurement route is marked with green arrows and the return route with yellow arrows.
Preparatory mine excavation with unfavourable geometry but measured correctly. The starting and finishing points of the scan are marked (green circle). The forward measurement route is marked with green arrows and the return route with yellow arrows.

Figure 9:

Overlay of two scans with each scan independently georeferenced. Places where there is a perfect fit for the scan are visible (blue scan is not visible) as are those places where the surfaces of the side walls are duplicated (blue scan points visible).
Overlay of two scans with each scan independently georeferenced. Places where there is a perfect fit for the scan are visible (blue scan is not visible) as are those places where the surfaces of the side walls are duplicated (blue scan points visible).

Figure 10:

Example of a measurement performed by an inexperienced operator. As a result of the operator tripping, the scanner head moved too rapidly, which completely deformed the scan visible in the right part of the drawing.
Example of a measurement performed by an inexperienced operator. As a result of the operator tripping, the scanner head moved too rapidly, which completely deformed the scan visible in the right part of the drawing.

Figure 11:

An example of the phenomenon of inertial system drift. The course of the scanned excavation is straight (this was confirmed by an independent measuring method), and the visible curvatures of the course of the excavation are due to the improper movement of the scanner head by the operator.
An example of the phenomenon of inertial system drift. The course of the scanned excavation is straight (this was confirmed by an independent measuring method), and the visible curvatures of the course of the excavation are due to the improper movement of the scanner head by the operator.
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