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Setup of axial bearing capacity of open ended tubular steel piles driven in sand


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Figure 1

a) Zones created during pile driving, b) relative density in the soil and arching mechanisms around the pile shaft due to pile driving (Augustesen et al (2005))
a) Zones created during pile driving, b) relative density in the soil and arching mechanisms around the pile shaft due to pile driving (Augustesen et al (2005))

Figure 2

Comparison of results of setup prediction models in sand
Comparison of results of setup prediction models in sand

Figure 3

Compilation of pile cases history in predominately sand layer
Compilation of pile cases history in predominately sand layer

Empirical models for predicting increase in bearing with time

ReferencesEquationComments
Skov and Denver (1998)Qt = Q0(1 + A log t/t0)t0 = 0.5 and A = 0.2 for sand
Svinkin et al. (1994)Qt = BQEODt0.1B = 1.4 upper boundB = 1.025 lower bound
Long et al. (1999)Qt = 1.1QEODtαα = 0.18 for upper bound valueα = 0.13 for average valueα = 0.05 for lower bound value

Compilation of case histories for open-ended tubular piles driven in sand

ReferenceTest locationSoil descriptionCPT cone resistance qc (MPa)Pile diameterPileWallStatic / dynamicMaxResults
(m)Length(m)thickness (mm)testingtime (d)
Skov and Denver (1988)Südkai, Hamburg, Germanyalternating layers of fine, medium and coarse sand, locally with fine gravel-0.76233.712.7dynamic and static testing3042% increase in total capacity, derived from CAPWAP analysis of initial driving and a rest riketest after 30 days
Shioi et al. (1992)Trans Tokyo Bay Highway, Japanalternating layers of cohesive soil and very dense sand4026231–34dynamic and static testing50set-up fact or of approx. 2 on total resistance was measured
York et al. (1994)JFK Airport, New York, USAmedium dense, medium-fine glacial sand; ~2m thick clay and peat layer near surface-0.355 and 0.2 (tapered monotube piles)205.3–6.1dynamic and static testing49increase in pile capacity of 40–75% occurred because of set-up
Fellenius and Altaee (2002)North Shore, Vancouver, Canada2 m of sand and gravel fill on top of silty sand, sandy silt and dense“till like” silt and sand-0.324 and 0.45716.512.5 and 9dynamic testng71total pile capacity approximately doubled bet ween 1 and 30 days after driving
Bhushan (2004)LAXT wharf, Los Angeles, USAmedium dense to very dense sands inter-layered with clay and silt layers1 in clayey silts, 7 t o 33 in sands0.91 and 1.3733.5–41.516–25dynamic testing139a set-up of 1.2 t o 1.5 for periods of 1 to 10 days and 1.6 to 2 for periods from 14 to 139 days
Kolk et al. (2005)Eemshaven, Net herlands (EURIPIDES JIP)silty to very silty, medium to very dense, fine to medium sands40 to 800.76up to 47 m36–42dynamic (during driving) and static testing533total capacity increase of at least 1.5 after 533 days, compared to capacity after 6 days
Jardine et al. (2006) and Chow et al. (1998)Dunkirk test piles, Francedense to very dense marine sand10 to 200.324 and 0.457Nov 2213–20static and dynamic1991100% increase in shaft capacity 8 months after driving. 85% increase between 6 months and 5 years.
Rücker et al. (2012)BAM Horstwalde test site, Germanysand160.71118-dynamic testing30between 11 – 14% gain in capacity after 10 – 30 days
Kirsch and von Bargen (2012)Nordsee Ost offshore wind farm, North SeaPredominantly dense sand, (silty) sand with thin clay layers above 26m-2.43835-dynamic testing31reported set-up fact or of 1.5 after 31 days of ageing
Gavin et al. (2013)Blessingt on, Irelandvery dense, glacially deposited fine sand10 t o 200.34714Static tension test220pile capacity increased by 185% ov er 220 days
Reddy and Stuedlein (2014)Puget Sound LowlandsSilt, Till-0.360.918.748.8dynamic testing0.2313reported set-up factor of 1.0 to 4.0
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