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Chickens’ eggs and the livers of farm animals as sources of perfluoroalkyl substances

Szczepan Mikołajczyk
Szczepan Mikołajczyk
, 
Małgorzata Warenik-Bany
Małgorzata Warenik-Bany
 und 
Marek Pajurek
Marek Pajurek
   | 20. Juni 2024
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Online veröffentlicht: 20. Juni 2024
Seitenbereich: 241 - 248
Eingereicht: 21. März 2024
Akzeptiert: 12. Juni 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2024-0034
Schlüsselwörter
© 2024 Szczepan Mikołajczyk et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig 1.

Chemical structure of the compounds analysed in chickens’ eggs and farm animal livers. PFBS – perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFPeS – perfluoropentanesulfonic acid; PFHxS – perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFHxA – perfluorohexanoic acid; PFHpA – perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFOA – perfluorooctanoic acid; L-PFOS – linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFDA – perfluorodecanoic acid; PFNA – perfluorononanoic acid; PFHpS – perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid; PFUdA – perfluoroundecanoic acid; PFDoA – perfluorododecanoic acid
Chemical structure of the compounds analysed in chickens’ eggs and farm animal livers. PFBS – perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFPeS – perfluoropentanesulfonic acid; PFHxS – perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFHxA – perfluorohexanoic acid; PFHpA – perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFOA – perfluorooctanoic acid; L-PFOS – linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFDA – perfluorodecanoic acid; PFNA – perfluorononanoic acid; PFHpS – perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid; PFUdA – perfluoroundecanoic acid; PFDoA – perfluorododecanoic acid

Fig 2.

Estimated intakes (based on mean lower-bound concentrations) of the four PFASs (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS) with defined tolerable weekly intakes. Consumed amounts are 3 and 6 eggs and 50 g and 100 g of the livers of farm animals weekly
Estimated intakes (based on mean lower-bound concentrations) of the four PFASs (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS) with defined tolerable weekly intakes. Consumed amounts are 3 and 6 eggs and 50 g and 100 g of the livers of farm animals weekly

Fig 3.

Relationship to the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of dietary intake of 3 and 6 eggs and portions of 50 g and 100 g of liver based on lower-bound concentrations
Relationship to the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of dietary intake of 3 and 6 eggs and portions of 50 g and 100 g of liver based on lower-bound concentrations

Analytes of interest in chickens’ eggs and farm animals’ livers and the limit of quantification (LOQ) and measurement uncertainty (MU) validation parameters

Compound Acronym LOQ in meat (μg/kg w.w.) LOQ in eggs(μg/kg w.w.) MU in meat (%) MU in eggs (%)
perfluorobutanesulfonic acid PFBS 0.001 0.003 12 18
perfluorohexanoic acid PFHxA 0.008 0.033 14 14
perfluoroheptanoic acid PFHpA 0.013 0.048 18 11
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid PFHxS 0.005 0.015 13 21
perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA 0.016 0.032 16 26
perfluorononanoic acid PFNA 0.010 0.020 10 19
linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid L-PFOS 0.009 0.017 27 25
branched perfluorooctanesulfonic acid Br-PFOS 0.009 0.017 27 25
perfluorodecanoic acid PFDA 0.014 0.027 15 11
perfluoropentanesulfonic acid PFPeS 0.005 0.009 13 16
perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid PFHpS 0.003 0.016 31 32
perfluoroundecanoic acid PFUdA 0.013 0.024 24 32
perfluorododecanoic acid PFDoA 0.011 0.028 31 25

Levels of the remaining PFASs determined in chickens’ eggs and cows’, chickens’ and horses’ livers (μg/kg)

Compound Concentration (μg/kg wet weight) in livers of: Concentration (μg/kg) in chickens’ eggs
Cows Chickens Horses
PFHxA mean <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ
median - - - -
range - - - -
PFHpA mean <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ
median - - - -
range - - - -
PFDA mean 0.18 0.12 0.032 <LOQ
median 0.084 0.12 0.028 -
range <LOQ–0.62 <LOQ–0.12 <LOQ–0.045 -
PFUnDA mean 0.083 0.031 0.032 0.030
median 0.032 0.031 0.029 0.030
range LOQ–0.35 <LOQ–0.040 <LOQ–0.041 <LOQ–0.030
PFDoA mean 0.031 0.064 0.017 <LOQ
median 0.022 0.064 0.017 -
range <LOQ–0.066 <LOQ–0.064 <LOQ–0.020 -
PFBS mean 0.0037 0.0014 0.0019 <LOQ
median 0.0037 0.0014 0.0019 -
range <LOQ–0.0011 <LOQ–0.0011 <LOQ–0.0019 -
PFPeS mean <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ <LOQ
median - - - -
range - - - -
PFHpS mean 0.0057 0.0076 0.0034 <LOQ
median 0.0054 0.0076 0.0034 -
range <LOQ–0.0073 <LOQ–0.010 <LOQ–0.0036 -

Levels of total perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (∑PFOS), branched (Br-) PFOS, linear (L-) PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) determined in chickens’ eggs and cows’, chickens’ and horses’ livers

Compound Concentration in liver (μg/kg wet weight) Concentration in chickens’ eggs(μg/kg) ML in Commission Regulation 2023/915
Cows’ Chickens’ Horses’
∑PFOS mean 0.33 0.090 0.11 0.081
median 0.22 0.090 0.13 0.081 liver 6.0
range <LOQ–0.90 <LOQ–0.15 <LOQ–0.15 <LOQ–0095 eggs 1.0
Br-PFOS mean 0.11 0.029 0.021 <LOQ
median 0.046 0.029 0.023 - -
range <LOQ–0.32 <LOQ–0.29 <LOQ–0.29 -
L-PFOS mean 0.24 0.073 0.098 0.081
median 0.17 0.076 0.10 0.081 -
range <LOQ–0.73 <LOQ–0.13 <LOQ–0.13 <LOQ–0095
PFOA mean 0.032 0.17 <LOQ <LOQ
median 0.032 0.17 - - liver 0.70
range <LOQ–0.032 <LOQ–0.17 - - eggs 0.30
PFNA mean 0.21 0.10 0.028 0.031
median 0.086 0.10 0.028 0.031 liver 0.40
range <LOQ–0.40 <LOQ–0.10 <LOQ–0.033 <LOQ–0.031 eggs 0.70
PFHxS mean <LOQ 0.047 <LOQ <LOQ liver 0.50
median - 0.0047 - - eggs 0.30
range - <LOQ–0.047 - -
LB∑4 PFAS mean 0.52 0.17 0.13 0.096 liver 8.0
median 0.26 0.17 0.14 0.096 eggs 1.70
range 0.11–1.8 0.000–0.26 0.04–0.18 0.094–0.097
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