Tracking direct and indirect impact on technology and policy of transformative research via ego citation network

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

The descriptive statistical of policy documents citing NPs and their generations of citations_

	Gene engineering			Astrophysics
	NPs	1st generation	2nd generation	NPs	1st generation	2nd generation
Publication year	[1968,2017]	[1965,2021]	[1966,2021]	[1980,2016]	[1964,2021]	[1958,2021]
Number of countries (Gini)	4 (0.5808)	10 (0.7920)	19 (0.6697)	1 (1)	6 (0.5490)	17 (0.6968)
Number of organizations (Gini)	6 (0.5704)	28 (0.7525)	78 (0.6650)	1 (1)	11 (0.5512)	56 (0.7269)
Number of organization types (Gini)	3 (0.6016)	3 (0.8268)	3 (0.6646)	1 (1)	3 (0.6363)	3 (0.7575)
Number of categories (Gini)	7 (0.8136)	17 (0.8950)	22 (0.7602)	1 (1)	11 (0.7397)	19 (0.8435)

Linear regression models of direct and indirect impact on technology_

	Gene engineering
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
1st generation vs NPs	−4.859*** (1.218)	−4.798*** (1.218)	−4.859*** (1.218)	−4.697*** (1.217)	−4.633*** (1.216)	−2.227* (1.175)	−2.587** (1.168)
2nd generation vs NPs	−5.882*** (1.212)	−5.816*** (1.212)	−5.881*** (1.212)	−5.725*** (1.211)	−5.626*** (1.210)	−3.423*** (1.169)	−3.817*** (1.162)
N-publication citations		1.040−4*** (3.100−5)					1.050−4*** (3.000−5)
N-categories			−0.011 (0.073)				0.065 (0.070)
Time lag				0.023*** (0.002)			−0.211*** (0.006)
N-references					−0.008*** (4.070−4)		−0.001*** (1.116−3)
Publication age						0.232*** (0.003)	0.324*** (0.004)
Constant	9.373	9.286	9.384	9.048	9.601	2.282	2.337
R2	0.031	0.033	0.031	0.052	0.072	0.266	0.288
N	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944
	Astrophysics
	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)
1st generation vs NPs	−1.263 (3.949)	−1.264 (3.949)	−0.809 (3.949)	−0.624 (3.916)	−1.164 (3.948)	1.020 (3.777)	1.303 (3.757)
2nd generation vs NPs	−1.422 (3.878)	−1.411 (3.878)	−0.922 (3.879)	−0.665 (3.846)	−1.344 (3.877)	1.509 (3.712)	1.955 (3.693)
N-publication citations		−3.360−4 (3.170−4)					−4.457−5 (3.150−4)
N-categories			0.705** (0.313)				0.332 (0.300)
Time lag				0.149*** (0.028)			−0.177*** (0.039)
N-references					−0.003 (0.002)		0.002 (0.002)
Publication age						0.197*** (0.016)	0.276*** (0.023)
Constant	4.531	4.596	3.121	2.813	4.603	−2.116	−3.459
R2	0.010	0.029	0.058	0.135	0.039	0.297	0.320
N	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534

Descriptive statistics of NPs and their generations of citations_

	Gene engineering			Astrophysics
	NPs	1st generation	2nd generation	NPs	1st generation	2nd generation
# Publications	74	29,687	854,183	197	49,497	422,840
# Publications cited by patents	47	4,280	81,737	4	101	1,462
% Publications cited by patents	63.51%	14.42%	9.57%	2.03%	0.20%	0.35%
Average number of patent citations	130.40	103.80	106.78	1.5	2.75	6.70
Average number of citing IPC groups	7.10	4.77	4.37	3	3.31	3.41
# Publications cited by policies	11	500	9,008	4	51	745
% Publications cited by policies	14.86%	1.68%	1.05%	2.03%	0.10%	0.18%
Average number of policy citations	2.27	1.39	1.34	1	1.25	1.49

The VIFs of variables for policy impact_

Variables	Gene engineering	Astrophysics
independent variable (groups)	1.002	1.069
Publication-type	1.079	1.094
N-research countries	1.034	1.091
N-publication citations	1.003	1.074
N-references	1.093	1.116
Publication age	1.069	1.098

The VIFs of variables for technological impact_

Variables	Gene engineering	Astrophysics
independent variable (groups)	1.001	1.011
N-categories	1.000	1.017
N-publication citations	1.010	1.094
Time lag	1.976	2.107
N-references	1.050	1.128
Publication age	2.024	2.191

Negative binomial regression models of direct and indirect impact on policy_

	Gene engineering
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
1st generation vs NPs	−0.490** (0.204)	−0.491** (0.204)	−0.476** (0.204)	−0.469** (0.204)	−0.497** (0.204)	−0.466** (0.204)	−0.428** (0.204)
2nd generation vs NPs	−0.530*** (0.200)	−0.530*** (0.200)	−0.519*** (0.200)	−0.506** (0.200)	−0.537*** (0.200)	−0.507** (0.201)	−0.473** (0.201)
Publication-type		0.001 (0.009)					−1.378−3 (9.233−3)
N-research countries			0.036*** (0.006)				3.880−2*** (6.193−3)
N-publication citations				1.261−5*** (9.80−7)			1.236−5*** (9.902−7)
N-references					1.626−4** (7.578−5)		1.676−4** (7.857−5)
Publication age						0.002** (0.001)	2.307−3*** (7.958−4)
Constant	0.821	0.820	0.757	0.792	0.816	0.765	0.640
Log-likelihood	−12402.77	−12402.77	−12387.26	−12362.29	−12400.58	−12400.51	−12340.97
N	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944	883,944
	Astrophysics
	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)
1st generation vs NPs	0.227 (0.525)	0.210 (0.525)	0.231 (0.525)	0.479 (0.543)	0.227 (0.525)	0.261 (0.525)	0.479 (0.542)
2nd generation vs NPs	0.397 (0.510)	0.384 (0.510)	0.404 (0.510)	0.671 (0.532)	0.397 (0.510)	0.450 (0.510)	0.695 (0.531)
Publication-type		−0.032 (0.032)					−2.993−2 (3.394−2)
N-research countries			0.006 (0.013)				7.768−3 (1.383−2)
N-publication citations				4.366−5** (2.214−5)			4.085-5* (2.246−5)
N-references					−1.721−5 (2.408−4)		9.576−5 (2.546−4)
Publication age						0.004* (0.002)	3.768−3* (2.121−3)
Constant	1.155−13	0.056	−0.018	−0.288	8.214−4	−0.137	−0.377
Log-likelihood	−1143.06	−1142.54	−1142.96	−1141.34	−1143.06	−1141.43	−1139.20
N	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534	472,534