DV | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−0.950 |
−0.362 |
−0.673 |
−0.575 |
−0.139 |
−0.430 |
−1.012 |
−0.475 |
−0.665 |
|
−19.677 |
−7.485 |
−14.974 |
−12.789 |
−3.558 |
−10.919 |
−11.245 |
−2.372 |
−10.090 |
|
0.297 |
0.177 |
0.213 |
0.503 |
0.355 |
0.407 |
0.497 |
0.350 |
0.404 |
|
0.009 (0.027) | 0.029 |
0.009 (0.023) | 0.012 (0.026) | −0.004 (0.015) | 0.008 (0.022) | 0.052 (0.032) | 0.026 (0.019) | 0.029 (0.024) | |
Observations | 345 | 345 | 345 | 345 | 345 | 345 | 336 | 336 | 336 |
Adjusted |
0.814 | 0.729 | 0.835 | 0.535 | 0.400 | 0.609 | 0.362 | 0.056 | 0.490 |
Hausman (γ) | 6.43 (0.000) |
15.32 (0.000) |
6.70 (0.000) |
||||||
30.850 (0.000) |
30.850 (0.000) |
30.850 (0.000) |
|||||||
Kleibergen–Paap LM Test | 11.820 (0.003) |
11.820 (0.003) |
11.820 (0.003) |
||||||
Hansen |
2.176 (0.140) | 0.075 (0.785) | 1.625 (0.202) | ||||||
Endogeneity test | 4.347 (0.037) |
9.311 (0.002) |
2.779 (0.096) |
DV | |||
---|---|---|---|
−1.005 |
−0.471 |
−0.661 |
|
−10.864 |
−2.244 |
−9.844 |
|
0.499 |
0.350 |
0.405 |
|
0.040 (0.033) | 0.022 (0.020) | 0.022 (0.025) | |
−1.489 |
−0.490 (0.351) | −0.954 |
|
Observations | 333 | 333 | 333 |
Adjusted |
0.377 | 0.064 | 0.500 |
29.79 (0.000) |
29.79 (0.000) |
29.79 (0.000) |
|
Kleibergen–Paap LM test | 11.330 (0.004) |
11.330 (0.004) |
11.330 (0.004) |
Hansen |
0.757 (0.384) | 0.004 (0.949) | 0.689 (0.406) |
Endogeneity test | 5.735 (0.017) |
9.351 (0.002) |
3.361 (0.067) |
DV | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.699 |
0.697 |
|||||
0.567 |
0.589 |
|||||
0.707 |
0.707 |
|||||
−0.374 |
−0.064 (0.066) | −0.308 |
−0.386 |
−0.080 (0.057) | −0.324 |
|
−0.123 (0.129) | −0.015 (0.041) | −0.064 (0.099) | −0.124 (0.130) | −0.018 (0.043) | −0.062 (0.102) | |
−4.068 |
−1.122 |
−4.028 |
−4.196 |
−1.245 |
−4.250 |
|
0.049 (0.051) | 0.046 |
0.027 (0.043) | 0.048 (0.057) | 0.042 |
0.026 (0.048) | |
0.014 (0.023) | 0.005 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.024) | 0.015 (0.025) | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.005 (0.026) | |
−0.076 (0.606) | −0.046 (0.179) | 0.015 (0.596) | ||||
AR (2) | 0.61 (0.545) | 0.60 (0.546) | 0.27 (0.789) | 0.64 (0.523) | 0.60 (0.546) | 0.31 (0.757) |
Hansen |
4.91 (0.672) | 4.09 (0.770) | 5.02 (0.658) | 3.15 (0.871) | 2.32 (0.940) | 3.99 (0.781) |
Difference-in-Hansen test | 1.36 (0.851) | 4.27 (0.370) | 1.79 (0.775) | 2.99 (0.560) | 4.98 (0.290) | 4.28 (0.370) |
Instruments | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
Observations | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 |
DV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Excluded instruments | ||||
0.102 |
0.107 |
0.107 |
0.100 |
|
0.126 (0.483) | 0.245 (0.497) | 0.226 (0.470) | 0.893 (0.214) | |
Included exogenous variables | ||||
4.182 |
4.021 |
4.173 |
||
−0.021 (0.049) | −0.022 (0.049) | |||
0.025 (0.027) | ||||
Observations | 336 | 336 | 336 | 336 |
Albania | 2008, 2012 | Gambia | 2010, 2015 | Nepal | 2003, 2010 |
Armenia | 2002–2016 | Georgia | 2003–2016 | Nicaragua | 2005, 2009, 2014 |
Azerbaijan | 2005 | Ghana | 2012, 2016 | Niger | 2005, 2007, 2011, 2014 |
Bangladesh | 2005, 2010, 2016 | Guatemala | 2006, 2014 | Nigeria | 2003, 2009 |
Belarus | 2002–2016 | Honduras | 2010–2016 | Pakistan | 2004–2005, 2007, 2010–2011, 2013, 2015 |
Benin | 2003, 2011, 2015 | India | 2004, 2009, 2011 | Peru | 2008–2015 |
Bhutan | 2012 | Indonesia | 2002–2014 | Philippines | 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012 |
Bolivia | 2002, 2004–2009, 2011 2016 | Iran | 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013–2016 | Russian Federation | 2010–2015 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2007, 2011 | Iraq | 2012 | Rwanda | 2005, 2010, 2013, 2016 |
Botswana | 2009, 2015 | Jamaica | 2002, 2004 | Senegal | 2005, 2011 |
Brazil | 2012–2016 | Jordan | 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010 | Serbia | 2012–2015 |
Bulgaria | 2006–2014 | Kazakhstan | 2009–2016 | Sri Lanka | 2002, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2016 |
Burkina Faso | 2003, 2009, 2014 | Kenya | 2005, 2015 | St. Lucia | 2016 |
Burundi | 2013 | Kyrgyz Re-public | 2002–2016 | Tajikistan | 2009, 2015 |
Congo, Dem. Rep | 2012 | Malawi | 2004, 2010, 2016 | Tanzania | 2007, 2011 |
Costa Rica | 2002–2016 | Malaysia | 2004, 2007–2008, 2011, 2013, 2015 | Togo | 2006, 2011 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 2002, 2008, 2015 | Maldives | 2009 | Tunisia | 2005, 2010, 2015 |
Dominican Republic | 2002–2016 | Mali | 2006 | Turkey | 2005–2016 |
Ecuador | 2008–2014 | Mexico | 2004–2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 | Uganda | 2002, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2016 |
El Salvador | 2002–2016 | Moldova | 2002–2015 | Ukraine | 2002–2008, 2011–2015 |
Ethiopia | 2015 | Morocco | 2006, 2013 | Zambia | 2006, 2010, 2015 |
Gabon | 2005 | Namibia | 2009, 2015 |
Dependent variables | |||||
The percentage of the population that is living under 1.90 USD per day (constant 2011 USD adjusted for PPP) | WDI | 11.80 | 17.45 | ||
The percentage of mean shortfall in income from 1.90 USD per day (constant 2011 USD adjusted for PPP) | WDI | 4.06 | 7.18 | ||
The percentage of mean shortfall in income from 3.20 USD per day (constant 2011 USD adjusted for PPP) | WDI | 10.15 | 13.01 | ||
Explanatory variables | |||||
Total remittance consisting of personal transfers and compensation of employees as a share of GDP (current USD) | IMF | Negative (−) | 7.22 | 7.97 | |
Control variables | |||||
Income (GDP) per capita (constant 2011 USD adjusted for PPP) | WDI | Negative (−) | 9,029.94 | 6,055.61 | |
Gini Index varies between 0 (equality) and 1 (inequality) | WDI | Positive (+) | 39.32 | 8.27 | |
Percentage change of consumer price index in annual average | WDI | Positive (+)/Negative (−) | 7.23 | 7.27 | |
Instrumental variables | |||||
Total import and export as a share of GDP | WDI | Positive (+) | 77.79 | 31.39 | |
LCU per USD | WDI | Positive (+) | 896.54 | 3,430.19 |