Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states

Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska; Tomasz M. Napiórkowski

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Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states

Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska

und

Tomasz M. Napiórkowski

| 30. Sept. 2023

International Journal of Management and Economics

Band 59 (2023): Heft 3 (September 2023)

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Article Category: Empirical Paper

Online veröffentlicht: 30. Sept. 2023

Seitenbereich: 209 - 224

Eingereicht: 15. Juli 2022

Akzeptiert: 06. Juni 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0015

Schlüsselwörter
energy security, factor endowment theory, Heckscher–Ohlin trade model, international competitiveness, Ricardian trade model

© 2023 Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Poland’s and EU’s GDP annual growth rate (%) 2005–2019. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Poland’s and EU’s exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 2005–2019. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Poland’s and EU’s total primary energy supply (tons of oil equivalent, millions) 2005–2018. Source: Own work based on data from the OECD [2020].

Relative share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption 2005–2018. BG, Bulgaria; CZ, Czechia; ES, Estonia; HU, Hungary; LT, Lithuania; LV, Latvia; MT, Malta; RO, Romania; SK, Slovakia; SL, Slovenia. Source: Own work based on data from the Eurostat [2020c].

Poland’s RCA* 2004–2017.
Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020]. — Poland’s RCA* 2004–2017. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Relative RCA* for the analyzed economies. BG, Bulgaria; CZ, Czechia; ES, Estonia; HU, Hungary; LT, Lithuania; LV, Latvia; MT, Malta; RO, Romania; SK, Slovakia; SL, Slovenia.
Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020]. — Relative RCA* for the analyzed economies. BG, Bulgaria; CZ, Czechia; ES, Estonia; HU, Hungary; LT, Lithuania; LV, Latvia; MT, Malta; RO, Romania; SK, Slovakia; SL, Slovenia. Source: Own work based on data from the World Bank [2020].

Results of econometric modeling

	Model 1 (Eq. [3])		Model 2 (Eq. [4])		Model 3 (Eq. [5])
$\ln (R C A_{i}^{⋆}) - \ln (R C A_{P L}^{})$ $\ln \left( {RCA_i^ \star } \right) - \ln \left( {RCA_{PL}^ } \right)$	Coef.	P > t	Coef.	P > t	Coef.	P > t
ln(TPES_i) – ln(TPES_PL)	–0.220*	0.058	–0.213**	0.023	–0.170*	0.078
ln(EID_i) – ln(EID_PL)	–0.013	0.743	-	-	-	-
ln(RES) – ln(RES_PL)	–0.018**	0.047	–0.020**	0.018	-	-
ln(EI_i) – ln(EI_PL)	–0.031	0.671	-	-	-	-
ln(GHG_i) – ln(GHG_PL)	0.021	0.684	-	-	-	-
$[\ln (\frac{K_{i}}{L_{i}}) - \ln (\frac{K_{P L}}{L_{P L}})] \frac{K_{i}}{G V A_{i}}$ $\left[ {\ln \left( {{{{K_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{{K_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)} \right]{{{K_i}} \over {GV{A_i}}}$	195.925*	0.094	191.537	0.105	212.377*	0.068
$[\ln (H_{i}) - \ln (H_{P L})] \frac{w_{i}}{\bar{w}}$ $\left[ {\ln \left( {{H_i}} \right) - \ln \left( {{H_{PL}}} \right)} \right]{{{w_i}} \over {\bar w}}$	1.482**	0.015	1.519**	0.015	1.533**	0.016
$\ln (\frac{G V A_{i}}{L_{i}}) - \ln (\frac{G V A_{P L}}{L_{P L}})$ $\ln \left( {{{GV{A_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{GV{A_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)$	–0.058	0.680	–0.045	0.760	–0.057	0.700
β₀	–0.600	0.021	–0.595	0.006	–0.515	0.026
Lagram–Multiplier	0.001		0.001		0.001
Modified Wald	0.000		0.000		0.000
Jarque–Bera P-value	0.016		0.021		0.126
Shapiro–Wilk P-value	0.000		0.000		0.017
Levin–Lin–Chu P-value	0.000		0.000		0.000
Harris–Tzavalis P-value	0.000		0.000		0.000
R² within	0.263		0.259		0.235
R² between	0.235		0.239		0.277
R² overall	0.193		0.196		0.228
Prob. > F	0.000		0.001		0.001

Values of VIFs

Variable	ln(TPES_i) – ln(TPES_PL)	$\ln (\frac{G V A_{i}}{L_{i}}) - \ln (\frac{G V A_{P L}}{L_{P L}})$ $\ln \left( {{{GV{A_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{GV{A_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)$	$[\ln (\frac{K_{i}}{L_{i}}) - \ln (\frac{K_{P L}}{L_{P L}})] \frac{K_{i}}{G V A_{i}}$ $\left[ {\ln \left( {{{{K_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{{K_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)} \right]{{{K_i}} \over {GV{A_i}}}$	ln(RES_i) – ln(RES_PL)	ln(GHG_i) – ln(GHG_PL)	ln(EI_i) – ln(Ei_PL)	$[\ln (H_{i}) - \ln (H_{P L})] \frac{w_{i}}{\bar{w}}$ $\left[ {\ln \left( {{H_i}} \right) - \ln \left( {{H_{PL}}} \right)} \right]{{{w_i}} \over {\bar w}}$	ln(EID_i) – ln(EID_PL)	Mean VIF
VIF	10.480	5.540	3.930	3.370	2.980	2.760	2.590	2.490	4.270

Variables description

Group	Description (source)	Formula
Dependent variable	Relative RCA*	$\ln (R C A_{i}^{}) - \ln (R C A_{P L}^{})$ $\ln \left( {RCA_i^ * } \right) - \ln \left( {RCA_{PL}^ * } \right)$
Heckscher–Ohlin theory	Relative physical capital per worker endowment	$[\ln (\frac{K_{i}}{L_{i}}) - \ln (\frac{K_{P L}}{L_{P L}})] \frac{K_{i}}{G V A_{i}}$ $\left[ {\ln \left( {{{{K_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{{K_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)} \right]{{{K_i}} \over {GV{A_i}}}$
	Relative human capital endowment	$[\ln (H_{i}) - \ln (H_{P L})] \frac{w_{i}}{\bar{w}}$ $\left[ {\ln \left( {{H_i}} \right) - \ln \left( {{H_{PL}}} \right)} \right]{{{w_i}} \over {\bar w}}$
Ricardian theory	Relative labor productivity	$\ln (\frac{G V A_{i}}{L_{i}}) - \ln (\frac{G V A_{P L}}{L_{P L}})$ $\ln \left( {{{GV{A_i}} \over {{L_i}}}} \right) - \ln \left( {{{GV{A_{PL}}} \over {{L_{PL}}}}} \right)$
Energy variables	Total primary energy supply [OECD, 2020]	ln (TPES_i) – ln (TPES_PL)
	Energy import dependency [Eurostat, 2020b]	ln (EID_i)–ln(EID_PL)
	Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption [Eurostat, 2020c]	ln (RES_i)–ln(RES_PL)
	Energy intensity [Eurostat, 2020d]	ln(EI_i)–ln(Ei_PL)
	Greenhouse gas emissions [Eurostat, 2020e]	ln (GHG_i)–ln (GHG_PL)

eISSN:: 2543-5361
Sprache:: Englisch

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Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states

Article Category: Empirical Paper

Online veröffentlicht: 30. Sept. 2023

Seitenbereich: 209 - 224

Eingereicht: 15. Juli 2022

Akzeptiert: 06. Juni 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0015

Schlüsselwörter
energy security, factor endowment theory, Heckscher–Ohlin trade model, international competitiveness, Ricardian trade model

© 2023 Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Results of econometric modeling

Values of VIFs

Variables description

Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states

Article Category: Empirical Paper

Online veröffentlicht: 30. Sept. 2023

Seitenbereich: 209 - 224

Eingereicht: 15. Juli 2022

Akzeptiert: 06. Juni 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0015

Schlüsselwörterenergy security, factor endowment theory, Heckscher–Ohlin trade model, international competitiveness, Ricardian trade model

© 2023 Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Results of econometric modeling

Values of VIFs

Variables description

Schlüsselwörter
energy security, factor endowment theory, Heckscher–Ohlin trade model, international competitiveness, Ricardian trade model