Rats and their helminth parasites: Potential zoonosis threats of land use change in the northeastern sub-watersheds of Mount Makiling, Laguna, Philippines

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Prevalence of co-infection of helminth parasites in non-native rats (Rattus spp_) collected from various land use types in the northeastern sub-watersheds of Mount Makiling, Laguna, Philippines

––––––	Agricultural (% ; n=60)	Agroforest (% ; n=60)	Residential (% ; n=60)
H. diminuta + H. nana + C. hepatica + T. muris + T. pisiformis	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + H. nana +N. brasiliensis + A. cantonensis	1.70	0.00	0.00
H. diminuta + H. nana + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica	0.00	0.00	5.00
H. diminuta + H. nana + N. brasiliensis + Rictularia sp.	1.70	0.00	0.00
H. diminuta + H. nana + N. brasiliensis + Strongyloides + C. hepatica + T. muris	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + A. cantonensis	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + C. hepatica	0.00	0.00	10.00
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis	1.70	3.30	0.00
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica	0.00	0.00	8.30
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica + T. muris + A. cantonensis	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + Strongyloides sp. + C. hepatica	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + T. muris	0.00	1.70	0.00
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + T. muris	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + H. nana + S. ratti + C. hepatica + A. cantonensis	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + S. fasciolaris + C. hepatica + A. cantonensis	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica	0.00	0.00	3.30
H. diminuta + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + C. hepatica + T. muris	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. diminuta + S. fasciolaris + S. ratti + A. cantonensis	0.00	1.70	0.00
H. nana + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica + A. cantonensis	0.00	1.70	0.00
H. nana + N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + A. cantonensis	0.00	1.70	0.00
H. nana + N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + C. hepatica + T. muris	0.00	0.00	1.70
H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica	0.00	0.00	3.30
H. nana + S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + C. hepatica + T. pisiformis	0.00	0.00	1.70
N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + C. hepatica + A. cantonensis	1.70	0.00	0.00
N. brasiliensis + S. ratti + C. hepatica + T. muris + Rictularia sp.	0.00	0.00	1.70
S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + C. hepatica + A. cantonensis	1.70	0.00	0.00
S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis + E. ilocanum + A. cantonensis	1.70	0.00	0.00
S. fasciolaris + N. brasiliensis+ S. ratti + T. muris + A. cantonensis	0.00	1.70	0.00

Summary of prevalence (%) of helminth parasites in non-native rats (Rattus spp_) collected from various land use types in the northeastern sub-watersheds of Mount Makiling, Laguna, Philippines_

Parameter	No. of Sample	No. of Infected	Prevalence Rate (%) Confidence Interval (CI**)
Habitat			p = 0.718
Agricultural	60	55	91.7 (84.76–98.66)
Agro-forest	60	55	91.7 (84.76–98.66)
Residential	60	57	95 (89.49–100)
Species			p = 0.264
R. exulans	18	15	83 (66.12–100)
R. norvegicus	32	30	93.8 (85.36–100)
R. tanezumi	130	122	93.8 (89.72–97.98)
Sex			p=0.142
Female	103	93	90.3(84.57–96.01)
Male	76	74	96.1 (93.77–100)
Age			p=0.013*
Adult	135	129	95.6 (92.08–99.03)
Juvenile	45	38	84.4 (73.86–95.03)
Season			p=0.400
Dry	109	99	90.82 (85.41–96.24)
Wet	71	68	95.77 (91.1–100)

Prevalence (%) of helminth parasites per species of non-native rats (Rattus spp_) collected from various land use types in the northeastern sub-watersheds of Mount Makiling, Laguna, Philippines_

Parasites	R. exulans (n=18)	R. tanezumi (n = 130)	R. norvegicus (n = 32)	Overall (N = 180)	*p-value
H. diminuta	27.78	37.69	50	38.89	0.00
H. nana	27.78	31.31	71.88	36.89	0.00
S. fasciolaris	38.89	53.08	50.00	51.11	0.44
N. brasiliensis	50.00	51.54	46.88	50.56	0.66
S. ratti	0.00	8.46	25.00	10.56	0.08
E. ilocanum	11.11	4.62	0.00	4.44	0.00
T. muris	0.00	3.85	25.00	7.22	0.00
A. cantonensis	44.44	16.92	9.38	18.33	0.00
Rictularia sp.	0.00	0.77	3.13	1.11	0.60
T. pisiformis	0.00	0.77	6.25	1.67	0.05
C. hepatica	2.23	9.14	12.46	23.88	0.02