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New insights into the genetic variability of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) in Algeria and relationships with other geographic regions revealed by mitochondrial DNA

M. Chaouadi
M. Chaouadi
, 
F. Scarpa
F. Scarpa
, 
I. Azzena
I. Azzena
, 
P. Cossu
P. Cossu
, 
K. Harhoura
K. Harhoura
, 
M. Aissi
M. Aissi
, 
F. Tazerouti
F. Tazerouti
, 
G. Garippa
G. Garippa
, 
P. Merella
P. Merella
, 
M. Casu
M. Casu
 und 
D. Sanna
D. Sanna
   | 03. Sept. 2022
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Online veröffentlicht: 03. Sept. 2022
Seitenbereich: 152 - 164
Eingereicht: 19. Jan. 2022
Akzeptiert: 14. Juli 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2022-0021
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© 2022 M. Chaouadi, F. Scarpa, I. Azzena, P. Cossu, K. Harhoura, M. Aissi, F. Tazerouti, G. Garippa, P. Merella, M. Casu, D. Sanna, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Map of the Algerian sample collection sites. The map shows the geographical origin of the sequences from Algeria isolated in the present study and those from GenBank and BOLD.
Map of the Algerian sample collection sites. The map shows the geographical origin of the sequences from Algeria isolated in the present study and those from GenBank and BOLD.

Fig. 2

Median-joining network analysis. The network includes COI sequences from Algeria obtained in the present study along with those from GenBank. The small red plot on one node shows a median vector representing the hypothetical connecting sequence that was calculated using the maximum parsimony method. The number of mutations between sequences that are greater than 1 are reported on network branches. As well, the number of individuals showing the same haplotype that is greater than 1 is reported inside the spot.
Median-joining network analysis. The network includes COI sequences from Algeria obtained in the present study along with those from GenBank. The small red plot on one node shows a median vector representing the hypothetical connecting sequence that was calculated using the maximum parsimony method. The number of mutations between sequences that are greater than 1 are reported on network branches. As well, the number of individuals showing the same haplotype that is greater than 1 is reported inside the spot.

Fig. 3

Median-joining network analysis. The network includes all COI sequences from the present study along with those from GenBank. The small red plots on one node show a median vector representing the hypothetical connecting sequence that was calculated using the maximum parsimony method. The number of mutations between sequences that are greater than 1 are reported on network branches. As well, the number of individuals showing the same haplotype that is greater than 1 isreported inside the spot. The MP calculation post-processing option, that uses only the shortest trees sufficient to generate the graphic output, has been applied for drawing the network. This option allows to obtain a network without showing the reticulations. All Sardinian sequences in the network are form the present study.
Median-joining network analysis. The network includes all COI sequences from the present study along with those from GenBank. The small red plots on one node show a median vector representing the hypothetical connecting sequence that was calculated using the maximum parsimony method. The number of mutations between sequences that are greater than 1 are reported on network branches. As well, the number of individuals showing the same haplotype that is greater than 1 isreported inside the spot. The MP calculation post-processing option, that uses only the shortest trees sufficient to generate the graphic output, has been applied for drawing the network. This option allows to obtain a network without showing the reticulations. All Sardinian sequences in the network are form the present study.

Fig. 4

Principal coordinates analysis performed on the COI gene dataset. Bi-dimensional plots show the genetic differentiation among populations due to the base differences per site found in the dataset. Percentage of variation explained by the first three axes for the COI dataset: 1st = 40.96, 2nd = 13.80, 3rd=9.31.
Principal coordinates analysis performed on the COI gene dataset. Bi-dimensional plots show the genetic differentiation among populations due to the base differences per site found in the dataset. Percentage of variation explained by the first three axes for the COI dataset: 1st = 40.96, 2nd = 13.80, 3rd=9.31.

Fig. 5

Principal coordinates analysis performed on the ITS fragment dataset. Bi-dimensional plots show the genetic differentiation among populations due to the base differences per site found in the dataset. Percentage of variation explained by the first three axes for the ITS dataset: 1st = 36.71, 2nd = 23.37, 3rd=11.22.
Principal coordinates analysis performed on the ITS fragment dataset. Bi-dimensional plots show the genetic differentiation among populations due to the base differences per site found in the dataset. Percentage of variation explained by the first three axes for the ITS dataset: 1st = 36.71, 2nd = 23.37, 3rd=11.22.

Indices of genetic variation. The table reports the estimates of genetic variation for the mitochondrial COI gene dataset. N: sample sizes; bp: fragment size; S: number of polymorphic sites; H: number of haplotypes; hd: haplotype diversity; π: nucleotide diversity.

N bp S H hd π
Samples from Algeria – present study 24 441 1 2 0.159 0.00036
Samples from Algeria – whole dataset 32 441 7 7 0.393 0.00271
Total COI dataset 187 441 42 32 0.753 0.00664

Sampling plan. The table reports data on the sampling collection, the GenBank accession numbers of the sequences obtained in the present study, and the haplotypes (Hap. type) found among individuals. The unique allelic variant isolated for the ITS fragment in all the samples analysed in the present study was deposited in GenBank under the accession number MZ292402. The presence of an identical host code for different samples indicates that flukes were isolated from the same host.

Sample code Host code Area Site Host Sampling date GenBank COI # Hap. type
C1_142 142 Algeria Tipaza Cattle 03-29-2016 MT920965 2
C2_142 142 Algeria Tipaza Cattle 03-29-2016 MT920966 1
C1_170 170 Algeria Tipaza Cattle 04-06-2016 MT920980 1
C1_858 858 Algeria Blida Cattle 10-03-2016 MT920969 1
C2_858 858 Algeria Blida Cattle 10-03-2016 MT920970 1
C1_903 903 Algeria Boumerdes Cattle 10-10-2016 MT920978 1
C1_995 995 Algeria Algiers Cattle 11-02-2016 MT920967 1
C2_995 995 Algeria Algiers Cattle 11-02-2016 MT920968 2
C1_1000 1000 Algeria Algiers Cattle 11-02-2016 MT920974 1
C2_1000 1000 Algeria Algiers Cattle 11-02-2016 MT920975 1
C1_1110 1110 Algeria Boumerdes Cattle 11-26-2016 MT920982 1
C1_1211 1211 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920976 1
C2_1211 1211 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920977 1
C1_1215 1215 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920981 1
C1_1230 1230 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920983 1
C2_1230 1230 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920984 1
C3_1230 1230 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920985 1
C4_1230 1230 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920986 1
C5_1230 1230 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920987 1
C6_1230 1230 Algeria Algiers Cattle 12-31-2016 MT920988 1
C1_1279 1279 Algeria Algiers Cattle 01-18-2017 MT920979 1
C1_1342 1342 Algeria Algiers Cattle 02-04-2017 MT920971 1
C2_1342 1342 Algeria Algiers Cattle 02-04-2017 MT920972 1
C4_1342 1342 Algeria Algiers Cattle 02-04-2017 MT920973 1
FHLAC1 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920989 1
FHLAC2 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920990 1
FHLAC3 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920991 1
FHLAC4 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920992 1
FHLAC5 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920993 1
FHLAC6 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920994 1
FHLAC7 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920995 1
FHLAC8 LAC Italy Laconi Cattle 12-09-2013 MT920996 1
FHGIA1 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT920997 1
FHGIA2 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT920998 1
FHGIA3 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT920999 1
FHGIA4 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT921000 1
FHGIA5 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT921001 1
FHGIA6 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT921002 1
FHGIA7 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT921003 1
FHGIA8 GIA Italy Giara di Genoni Goat 11-28-2013 MT921004 1
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