The association of salivary alpha-amylase, heart rate variability, and psychological stress on objectively measured sleep behaviors among college students

1 Hwang EH, Shin, S. Prevalence of sleep disturbance in Korean university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Health Promot. 2020;20:49–57. HwangEH ShinS Prevalence of sleep disturbance in Korean university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis Korean J Health Promot 2020 20 49 57 10.15384/kjhp.2020.20.2.49 Search in Google Scholar

2 Lee SY, Wuertz C, Rogers R, Chen YP. Stress and sleep disturbances in female college students. Am J Health Behav. 2013;37:851–858. LeeSY WuertzC RogersR ChenYP Stress and sleep disturbances in female college students Am J Health Behav 2013 37 851 858 10.5993/AJHB.37.6.14 Search in Google Scholar

3 Robillard R, Naismith SL, Smith KL, et al. Sleep-wake cycle in young and older persons with a lifetime history of mood disorders. PLoS One. 2014;9:e87763. RobillardR NaismithSL SmithKL Sleep-wake cycle in young and older persons with a lifetime history of mood disorders PLoS One 2014 9 e87763 10.1371/journal.pone.0087763 Search in Google Scholar

4 Li L, Wu C, Gan Y, Qu X, Lu Z. Insomnia and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:375. LiL WuC GanY QuX LuZ Insomnia and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies BMC Psychiatry 2016 16 375 10.1186/s12888-016-1075-3 Search in Google Scholar

5 Scott J, Kallestad H, Vedaa O, Sivertsen B, Etain B. Sleep disturbances and first onset of major mental disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;57:101429. ScottJ KallestadH VedaaO SivertsenB EtainB Sleep disturbances and first onset of major mental disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis Sleep Med Rev 2021 57 101429 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101429 Search in Google Scholar

6 Gore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton, GC, et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2011;377:2093–2102. GoreFM BloemPJ PattonGC Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis Lancet 2011 377 2093 2102 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6 Search in Google Scholar

7 Buxton OM, Lee S, Beverly C, et al. Work-family conflict and employee sleep: evidence from IT workers in the work, family and health study. Sleep. 2016;39:1871–1882. BuxtonOM LeeS BeverlyC Work-family conflict and employee sleep: evidence from IT workers in the work, family and health study Sleep 2016 39 1871 1882 10.5665/sleep.6172502036927568810 Search in Google Scholar

8 Drake CL, Pillai V, Roth T. Stress and sleep reactivity: a prospective investigation of the stress-diathesis model of insomnia. Sleep. 2014;37:1295–1304. DrakeCL PillaiV RothT Stress and sleep reactivity: a prospective investigation of the stress-diathesis model of insomnia Sleep 2014 37 1295 1304 10.5665/sleep.3916409619825083009 Search in Google Scholar

9 Harvey CJ, Gehrman P, Espie CA. Who is predisposed to insomnia: a review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and copingstyle. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18:237–247. HarveyCJ GehrmanP EspieCA Who is predisposed to insomnia: a review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and copingstyle Sleep Med Rev 2014 18 237 247 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.11.00424480386 Search in Google Scholar

10 Suh M. Differences in heart rate variability depending on sex, level of stress, anxiety, and depression among college students: on the basis of neurovisceral integration model. J Korean Biol Nurs Sci. 2021;23:22–30. SuhM Differences in heart rate variability depending on sex, level of stress, anxiety, and depression among college students: on the basis of neurovisceral integration model J Korean Biol Nurs Sci 2021 23 22 30 10.7586/jkbns.2021.23.1.22 Search in Google Scholar

11 Nater UM, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:486–496. NaterUM RohlederN Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009 34 486 496 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.01419249160 Search in Google Scholar

12 Juster RP, Sindi S, Marin MF, et al. A clinical allostatic load index is associated with burnout symptoms and hypocortisolemic profiles in healthy workers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36:797–805. JusterRP SindiS MarinMF A clinical allostatic load index is associated with burnout symptoms and hypocortisolemic profiles in healthy workers Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011 36 797 805 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.11.00121129851 Search in Google Scholar

13 Vineetha R, Pai KM, Vengal M, Gopalakrishna K, Narayanakurup D. Usefulness of salivary alpha amylase as a biomarker of chronic stress and stress related oral mucosal changes – a pilot study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014;6:e132–e137. VineethaR PaiKM VengalM GopalakrishnaK NarayanakurupD Usefulness of salivary alpha amylase as a biomarker of chronic stress and stress related oral mucosal changes – a pilot study J Clin Exp Dent 2014 6 e132 e137 10.4317/jced.51355400234224790712 Search in Google Scholar

14 Nater UM, Rohleder N, Schlotz W, Ehlert U, Kirschbaum C. Determinants of the diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32:392–401. NaterUM RohlederN SchlotzW EhlertU KirschbaumC Determinants of the diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007 32 392 401 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.02.00717418498 Search in Google Scholar

15 Accardo A, Merlo M, Silveri G, et al. Influence of ageing on circadian rhythm of heart rate variability in healthy subjects. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2021;22:405–413. AccardoA MerloM SilveriG Influence of ageing on circadian rhythm of heart rate variability in healthy subjects J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2021 22 405 413 10.2459/JCM.000000000000104832858622 Search in Google Scholar

16 Massar SAA, Liu JCJ, Mohammad NB, Chee MWL. Poor habitual sleep efficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular and cortisol stress reactivity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;81:151–156. MassarSAA LiuJCJ MohammadNB CheeMWL Poor habitual sleep efficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular and cortisol stress reactivity in men Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017 81 151 156 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.01328482312 Search in Google Scholar

17 van Leeuwen WMA, Sallinen M, Virkkala J, et al. Physiological and autonomic stress responses after prolonged sleep restriction and subsequent recovery sleep in healthy young men. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2018;16:45–54. van LeeuwenWMA SallinenM VirkkalaJ Physiological and autonomic stress responses after prolonged sleep restriction and subsequent recovery sleep in healthy young men Sleep Biol Rhythms 2018 16 45 54 10.1007/s41105-017-0122-x575442829367834 Search in Google Scholar

18 Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Universität Düsseldorf: gpower; 2020. https://www.gpower.hhu.de. Accessed April 20, 2021. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universität Düsseldorf: gpower 2020 https://www.gpower.hhu.de. Accessed April 20, 2021 Search in Google Scholar

19 Williams JM, Taylor DJ, Slavish DC, z R. et al. Validity of actigraphy in young adults with insomnia. Behav Sleep Med. 2020;18:91–106. WilliamsJM TaylorDJ SlavishDC zR Validity of actigraphy in young adults with insomnia Behav Sleep Med 2020 18 91 106 10.1080/15402002.2018.154565330472879 Search in Google Scholar

20 de Souza L, Benedito-Silva AA, Pires MLN, Poyares D, Tufik S, Calil HM. Further validation of actigraphy for sleep studies. Sleep. 2003;26:81–85. de SouzaL Benedito-SilvaAA PiresMLN PoyaresD TufikS CalilHM Further validation of actigraphy for sleep studies Sleep 2003 26 81 85 10.1093/sleep/26.1.8112627737 Search in Google Scholar

21 Beltzer EK, Fortunato CK, Guaderrama MM, Peckins MK, Garramone BM, Granger DA. Salivary flow and alpha-amylase: collection technique, duration, and oral fluid type. Physiol Behav. 2010;101:289–296. BeltzerEK FortunatoCK GuaderramaMM PeckinsMK GarramoneBM GrangerDA Salivary flow and alpha-amylase: collection technique, duration, and oral fluid type Physiol Behav 2010 101 289 296 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.05.01620515701 Search in Google Scholar

22 O’Donnell K, Kammerer M, O’Reilly R, Taylor A, Glover V. Salivary alpha-amylase stability, diurnal profile and lack of response to the cold hand test in young women. Stress. 2009;12:549–554. O’DonnellK KammererM O’ReillyR TaylorA GloverV Salivary alpha-amylase stability, diurnal profile and lack of response to the cold hand test in young women Stress 2009 12 549 554 10.3109/1025389090282266419658030 Search in Google Scholar

23 Yamasaki Y, Kodama M, Matsuhisa M,T et al. Diurnal heart rate variability in healthy subjects: effects of aging and sex difference. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(1 Pt 2):H303–H310. YamasakiY KodamaM MatsuhisaM,T Diurnal heart rate variability in healthy subjects: effects of aging and sex difference Am J Physiol 1996 271 1 Pt 2 H303 H310 10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.1.H3038760189 Search in Google Scholar

24 Nicolini P, Ciulla MM, Malfatto G, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment: evidence from power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in a cross-sectional case-control study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e96656. NicoliniP CiullaMM MalfattoG Autonomic dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment: evidence from power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in a cross-sectional case-control study PLoS One 2014 9 e96656 10.1371/journal.pone.0096656401196624801520 Search in Google Scholar

25 Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health. 2017;5:258. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258 ShafferF GinsbergJP An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms Front Public Health 2017 5 258 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258 562499029034226 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26 Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1040. ShafferF McCratyR ZerrCL A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability Front Psychol 2014 5 1040 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040417974825324790 Search in Google Scholar

27 Koh KB, Park JK. Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale. Korean J Psychosom Med. 2000;8:201–211. KohKB ParkJK Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale Korean J Psychosom Med 2000 8 201 211 Search in Google Scholar

28 Lee SH, Kim SJ. The degree of perceived Stress, depression and self esteem of university students. J Korean Public Health Nurs. 2012;26:453–464. LeeSH KimSJ The degree of perceived Stress, depression and self esteem of university students J Korean Public Health Nurs 2012 26 453 464 10.5932/JKPHN.2012.26.3.453 Search in Google Scholar

29 Belsley DA, Kuh E, Welsch RE. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. New York: John Wiley; 1980. BelsleyDA KuhE WelschRE Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity New York John Wiley 1980 10.1002/0471725153 Search in Google Scholar

30 Ohayon M, Wickwire EM, Hirshkowitz M, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep quality recommendations: first report. Sleep Health. 2017;3:6–19. OhayonM WickwireEM HirshkowitzM National Sleep Foundation's sleep quality recommendations: first report Sleep Health 2017 3 6 19 10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.00628346153 Search in Google Scholar

31 Cellini N, Menghini L, Mercurio M, Vanzetti V, Bergamo D, Sarlo M. Sleep quality and quantity in Italian University students: an actigraphic study. Chronobiol Int. 2020;37:1538–1551. CelliniN MenghiniL MercurioM VanzettiV BergamoD SarloM Sleep quality and quantity in Italian University students: an actigraphic study Chronobiol Int 2020 37 1538 1551 10.1080/07420528.2020.177349432623909 Search in Google Scholar

32 Stock AA, Lee S, Nahmod NG, Chang AM. Effects of sleep extension on sleep duration, sleepiness, and blood pressure in college students. Sleep Health. 2020;6:32–39. StockAA LeeS NahmodNG ChangAM Effects of sleep extension on sleep duration, sleepiness, and blood pressure in college students Sleep Health 2020 6 32 39 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.10.00331753739 Search in Google Scholar

33 Khalid A, Zhang Q, Wang W, Ghaffari AS, Pan F. The relationship between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva alpha-amylase level and parenting styles in Chinese first year medical students. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:489–498. KhalidA ZhangQ WangW GhaffariAS PanF The relationship between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva alpha-amylase level and parenting styles in Chinese first year medical students Psychol Res Behav Manag 2019 12 489 498 10.2147/PRBM.S207430661941831308770 Search in Google Scholar

34 Chaturvedi Y, Chaturvedy S, Marwah N, Chaturvedi S, Agarwal S, Agarwal N. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase-biomarkers of stress in children undergoing extraction: an in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;11:214–218. ChaturvediY ChaturvedyS MarwahN ChaturvediS AgarwalS AgarwalN Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase-biomarkers of stress in children undergoing extraction: an in vivo study Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018 11 214 218 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1514610244130131644 Search in Google Scholar

35 Mielock AS, Morris MC, Rao U. Patterns of cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to psychosocial stress in maltreated women. J Affect Disord. 2017;209:46–52. MielockAS MorrisMC RaoU Patterns of cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to psychosocial stress in maltreated women J Affect Disord 2017 209 46 52 10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.009519193327875756 Search in Google Scholar

36 Austin SB, Rosario M, McLaughlin KA, et al. Sexual orientation and salivary alpha-amylase diurnal rhythms in a cohort of U.S. young adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;97:78–85. AustinSB RosarioM McLaughlinKA Sexual orientation and salivary alpha-amylase diurnal rhythms in a cohort of U.S. young adults Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018 97 78 85 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.006613856930015008 Search in Google Scholar

37 Klaus K, Doerr JM, Strahler J, Skoluda N, Linnemann A, Nater UM. Poor night's sleep predicts following day's salivary alpha-amylase under high but not low stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019; 101, 80–86. KlausK DoerrJM StrahlerJ SkoludaN LinnemannA NaterUM Poor night's sleep predicts following day's salivary alpha-amylase under high but not low stress Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019 101 80 86 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.03030428443 Search in Google Scholar

38 Wingenfeld K, Schulz M, Damkroeger A, Philippsen C, Rose M, Driessen M. The diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase in nurses: an investigation of potential confounders and associations with stress. Biol Psychol. 2010;85:179–181. WingenfeldK SchulzM DamkroegerA PhilippsenC RoseM DriessenM The diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase in nurses: an investigation of potential confounders and associations with stress Biol Psychol 2010 85 179 181 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.00520433894 Search in Google Scholar

39 Jenkins BN, Granger DA, Roemer RJ, Martinez A, Torres TK, Fortier MA. Emotion regulation and positive affect in the context of salivary alpha-amylase response to pain in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018;65:e26973. JenkinsBN GrangerDA RoemerRJ MartinezA TorresTK FortierMA Emotion regulation and positive affect in the context of salivary alpha-amylase response to pain in children with cancer Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018 65 e26973 10.1002/pbc.26973674618229350481 Search in Google Scholar

40 O’Leary ED, Howard S, Hughes BM, James JE. Salivary α-amylase reactivity to laboratory social stress with and without acute sleep restriction. J Psychophysiol. 2015;29:55–63. O’LearyED HowardS HughesBM JamesJE Salivary α-amylase reactivity to laboratory social stress with and without acute sleep restriction J Psychophysiol 2015 29 55 63 10.1027/0269-8803/a000134 Search in Google Scholar

41 Lim SJ, Kim C. Effects of autogenic training on stress response and heart rate variability in nursing students. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2014;8:286–292. LimSJ KimC Effects of autogenic training on stress response and heart rate variability in nursing students Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2014 8 286 292 10.1016/j.anr.2014.06.00325529912 Search in Google Scholar

42 Cacioppo JT, Uchino BN, Berntson GG. Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period. Psychophysiology. 1994;31:412–419. CacioppoJT UchinoBN BerntsonGG Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period Psychophysiology 1994 31 412 419 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02449.x10690921 Search in Google Scholar

43 Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Feeling NR, et al. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the autonomic nervous system. J Psychophysiol. 2020;34:1–9. GarbarinoS LanteriP FeelingNR Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the autonomic nervous system J Psychophysiol 2020 34 1 9 10.1027/0269-8803/a000236 Search in Google Scholar

44 Gouin JP, Wenzel K, Boucetta S, O’Byrne J, Salimi A, Dang-Vu TT. High-frequency heart rate variability during worry predicts stress-related increases in sleep disturbances. Sleep Med. 2015;16: 659–664. GouinJP WenzelK BoucettaS O’ByrneJ SalimiA Dang-VuTT High-frequency heart rate variability during worry predicts stress-related increases in sleep disturbances Sleep Med 2015 16 659 664 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.00125819418 Search in Google Scholar

45 Fatima Y, Doi SA, Mamun AA. Sleep quality and obesity in young subjects: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17:1154–1166. FatimaY DoiSA MamunAA Sleep quality and obesity in young subjects: a meta-analysis Obes Rev 2016 17 1154 1166 10.1111/obr.1244427417913 Search in Google Scholar

46 Vargas PA, Flores M, Robles E. Sleep quality and body mass index in college students: the role of sleep disturbances. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62:534–541. VargasPA FloresM RoblesE Sleep quality and body mass index in college students: the role of sleep disturbances J Am Coll Health 2014 62 534 541 10.1080/07448481.2014.933344422141224933244 Search in Google Scholar

47 Wall H, Smith C, Hubbard R. Body mass index and obstructive sleep apnoea in the UK: a cross-sectional study of the over-50s. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21:371–376. WallH SmithC HubbardR Body mass index and obstructive sleep apnoea in the UK: a cross-sectional study of the over-50s Prim Care Respir J 2012 21 371 376 10.4104/pcrj.2012.00053654803622751736 Search in Google Scholar

48 Bajaj JS, Thacker LR, Leszczyszyn D, et al. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on sleep quality, cognition, and driving performance in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:390–397. e391. BajajJS ThackerLR LeszczyszynD Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on sleep quality, cognition, and driving performance in patients with cirrhosis Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015 13 390 397 e391 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.08.028433967425158922 Search in Google Scholar

49 Fatima Y, Doi SAR, Al Mamun A. Sleep problems in adolescence and overweight/obesity in young adults: Is there a causal link? Sleep Health. 2018;4:154–159. FatimaY DoiSAR Al MamunA Sleep problems in adolescence and overweight/obesity in young adults: Is there a causal link? Sleep Health 2018 4 154 159 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.00229555128 Search in Google Scholar

50 Lao XQ, Liu X, Deng HB, et al. Sleep quality, sleep duration, and the risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective Cohort study with 60,586 adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14:109–117. LaoXQ LiuX DengHB Sleep quality, sleep duration, and the risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective Cohort study with 60,586 adults J Clin Sleep Med 2018 14 109 117 10.5664/jcsm.6894573487929198294 Search in Google Scholar

51 Yu J, Tao Y, Dou J, Ye J, Yu Y, Jin L. The dose-response analysis between BMI and common chronic diseases in northeast China. Sci Rep. 2018;8:4228. YuJ TaoY DouJ YeJ YuY JinL The dose-response analysis between BMI and common chronic diseases in northeast China Sci Rep 2018 8 4228 10.1038/s41598-018-22551-y584501229523859 Search in Google Scholar

52 Sahu GK, Upadhyay S, Panna SM. Salivary alpha amylase activity in human beings of different age groups subjected to psychological stress. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2014;29:485–490. SahuGK UpadhyayS PannaSM Salivary alpha amylase activity in human beings of different age groups subjected to psychological stress Indian J Clin Biochem 2014 29 485 490 10.1007/s12291-013-0388-y417569925298630 Search in Google Scholar

53 Briscoe S, Hardy E, Pengo MF, et al. Comparison of 7 versus 14 days wrist actigraphy monitoring in a sleep disorders clinic population. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31:356–362. BriscoeS HardyE PengoMF Comparison of 7 versus 14 days wrist actigraphy monitoring in a sleep disorders clinic population Chronobiol Int 2014 31 356 362 10.3109/07420528.2013.85816324304408 Search in Google Scholar