Uneingeschränkter Zugang

Waste apple wood: A safe and economical alternative substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes

Guorong Yu
Guorong Yu
, 
Xinxin Li
Xinxin Li
, 
Shengting Zhao
Shengting Zhao
, 
Shuguang Sun
Shuguang Sun
, 
Yanru Yu
Yanru Yu
, 
Jinzhi Chen
Jinzhi Chen
, 
Xianhao Cheng
Xianhao Cheng
 und 
Weihuan Li
Weihuan Li
   | 01. Sept. 2022
Folia Horticulturae's Cover Image
Über diesen Artikel
Vorheriger Artikel
Nächster Artikel
Zitieren
Article Category: Original Article
Online veröffentlicht: 01. Sept. 2022
Seitenbereich: 173 - 185
Eingereicht: 17. März 2022
Akzeptiert: 18. Juli 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2022-0014
Schlüsselwörter
© 2022 Guorong Yu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

The global positioning system (GPS) localisation map of the sampling region.
The global positioning system (GPS) localisation map of the sampling region.

Top five contents of each heavy metal element in apple wood samples (mg · kg−1).

Ranking Pb Cd Hg As Cr Ni Zn Fe Mn Cu
Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content Sample number Content
1 27 41.51 57 2.23 32 1.4 69 6.14 19 16.12 4 21.82 57 115.15 27 8,708.92 38 204.62 19 235.93
2 19 18.48 36 1.05 38 0.25 57 1.99 46 12.58 49 14.02 41 81.62 19 3,963.58 41 188.95 46 134.28
3 32 7.03 41 0.90 19 0.23 2 1.51 27 9.70 72 12.78 27 61.07 4 1,251.47 43 183.50 34 126.23
4 16 3.81 56 0.68 60 0.22 36 1.4 4 8.82 33 11.48 19 58.07 32 1,105.65 44 180.38 32 107.42
5 4 3.16 24 0.60 69 0.19 27 1.10 32 8.80 64 10.50 36 56.03 46 641.30 66 176.62 73 90.45

The content of heavy metal elements and other mineral elements in culture material samples (mg · kg−1 dry weight).

Element Apple sawdust Oak sawdust Cottonseed husk Corn cob Wheat bran
Pb ND 0.90 ± 0.19 ND 0.15 ± 0.05 ND
Cd 0.26 ± 0.20 0.23 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02
Hg 0.021 ± 0.0082 0.014 ± 0.0045 0.0038 ± 0.00035 0.019 ± 0.003 0.0054 ± 0.0016
As 0.43 ± 0.19 0.16 ± 0.025 0.24 ± 0.046 0.27 ± 0.11 0.16 ± 0.037
Cr 2.00 ± 0.71 3.20 ± 0.26 1.89 ± 0.19 1.82 ± 0.12 1.99 ± 1.02
Ni 11.42 ± 1.22 19.02 ± 0.34 3.40 ± 1.30 61.45 ± 10.58 11.27 ± 4.23
Zn 36.56 ± 2.76 12.17 ± 1.50 29.17 ± 1.40 46.34 ± 13.76 95.55 ± 15.54
Fe 469.52 ± 47.26 534.98 ± 46.71 133.18 ± 2.36 707.34 ± 26.48 389.38 ± 117.62
Mn 56.45 ± 10.76 198.80 ± 33.24 43.43 ± 2.88 70.44 ± 6.63 151.94 ± 21.69
Cu 42.37 ± 12.00 30.76 ± 2.18 22.04 ± 2.08 102.79 ± 29.97 30.02 ± 7.20
P 285.89 ± 74.33 421.20 ± 11.30 965.73 ± 194.83 1,892.39 ± 245.57 11,736.02 ± 2,074.40
K 2,976.74 ± 491.72 996.00 ± 63.02 9,184.94 ± 514.20 7,001.17 ± 1,652.27 12,811.04 ± 1,902.13
S 1,011.27 ± 202.44 1,375.46 ± 34.10 1,453.87 ± 163.89 2,933.34 ± 272.59 4,044.84 ± 441.75
Ca 11,220.94 ± 2,918.93 18,263.25 ± 445.73 3,370.71 ± 263.35 3,097.61 ± 599.40 1,476.53 ± 264.57
Mg 1,120.56 ± 169.58 1,241.33 ± 282.32 1,721.86 ± 376.95 1,166.53 ± 252.63 4,234.88 ± 492.44
Se 0.030 ± 0.0058 ND 0.043 ± 0.0087 0.032 ± 0.0036 0.0364 ± 0.011

Formulations for Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes.

Number Cultivated species Formula
1 (CK) P. ostreatus Cottonseed husk 80%, corn cob 3%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%
2 P. ostreatus Apple sawdust 50%, cotton seed husk 20%, corn cob 20%, wheat bran 8%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%
3 (CK) L. edodes Oak sawdust 80%, wheat bran 18%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%
4 L. edodes Apple sawdust 80%, wheat bran 18%, gypsum 2% and water content 60%

Analysis of the contents of heavy metal elements in apple wood samples.

Heavy metal Detection rate (%) Detection range (mg · kg−1) Average (mg · kg−1) Standard deviation Coefficient of variation (%)
Pb 100 0.14–41.51 2.37 5.15 217.26
Cd 72.60 0.08–2.23 0.20 0.31 159.79
Hg 91.78 1.4–0.0031 0.057 0.17 292.96
As 86.30 0.17–6.14 0.60 0.75 125.91
Cr 97.26 0.12–16.12 3.49 2.75 78.70
Ni 100 1.30–21.82 4.73 3.29 69.45
Zn 100 1.12–115.15 18.55 19.48 105.02
Fe 100 107–8,709 486.61 1,081.55 222.26
Mn 100 20.3–204.62 84.73 43.93 51.85
Cu 100 5.97–235.93 34.38 34.80 101.21

Contents of heavy metal elements and other mineral elements in Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes (mg · kg−1 dry weight).

P. ostreatus L. edodes
Formula 1 (CK) Formula 2 Formula 3 (CK) Formula 4
Pb ND ND ND ND
Cd 0.11 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.12 0.19 ± 0.03
Hg 0.12 ± 0.03 0.033 ± 0.0024 0.018 ± 0.0028 0.028667 ± 0.0045
As 0.52 ± 0.035 0.059 ± 0.010 0.48 ± 0.035 0.72 ± 0.094
Cr ND 0.60 ± 0.06 0.86 ± 0.19 1.34 ± 0.27
Ni 0.16 ± 0.05 1.62 ± 0.24 3.00 ± 0.36 9.29 ± 0.78
Zn 65.95 ± 8.50 75.47 ± 5.03 108.43 ± 7.97 90.22 ± 8.63
Fe 69.18 ± 16.13 92.35 ± 6.26 95.47 ± 10.40 51.51 ± 7.86
Mn 8.03 ± 0.30 7.25 ± 1.42 16.83 ± 3.15 14.89 ± 2.64
Cu 12.63 ± 0.86 8.47 ± 2.20 26.03 ± 4.69 13.35 ± 2.44
P 9,244.25 ± 1,133.32 9,275.98 ± 697.41 9,737.44 ± 1,277.03 9,470.33 ± 658.03
K 16,654.00 ± 2,968.71 18,212.00 ± 936.16 18,507.33 ± 2,236.68 11,271.36 ± 2,829.37
S 4,037.00 ± 249.92 4,186.00 ± 75.45 24,796.33 ± 4,636.61 16,388.44 ± 2,085.69
Ca 178.24 ± 17.15 132.01 ± 10.57 908.50 ± 61.21 851.67 ± 31.13
Mg 1,115.00 ± 148.58 1,463.33 ± 97.01 1,479.67 ± 320.01 889.33 ± 38.44
Se 0.028 ± 0.0061 0.162 ± 0.034 0.096 ± 0.013 0.0605 ± 0.012

List of pesticide residues not detected.

Numbers Pesticide residues Numbers Pesticide residues
1 Atrazine 85 Fenpropimorph
2 Azinphos-methyl 86 Fenthion
3 Azoxystrobin 87 Fenvalerate
4 Benalaxyl 88 Fipronil
5 Bendiocarb 89 Flucythrinate
6 Benfluralin 90 Flufenoxuron
7 Benfuracarb 91 Flusilazole
8 Benoxacor 92 Fluvalinate
9 Bifenthrin 93 Furathiocarb
10 Boscalid 94 HCH-gamma
11 Bromopropylate 95 Imazalil
12 Buprofezin 96 Indoxacarb
13 Butachlor 97 Isocarbophos
14 Cadusafos 98 Isofenphos
15 Carbofuran 99 Isoprocarb
16 Chlorfenvinphos 100 Isoprothiolane
17 Chlordane 101 Kresoxim Methy l
18 Chlorfenapyr 102 Malathion
19 Chlorpropham 103 Metalaxyl
20 Chlorpyrifos Methyl 104 Metamitron
21 Cyanazine 105 Methamidophos
22 Cyfluthrin 106 Tolclofos-methyl
23 Cyprodinil 107 Triadimefon
24 DDD (p,p’) 108 Triadimenol
25 DDE (p,p’) 109 Triazophos
26 DDT (o,p’) 110 Triflumizole
27 DDT (p,p’) 111 Trifluralin
28 Deltamethrin 112 Vamidothion
29 Diazinon 113 Vinclozolin
30 Dichlorvos 114 Hexythiazox
31 Dicloran 115 Linuron
32 Dicofol 116 2-phenyl-phenol
33 Diethofencarb 117 Bupirimate
34 Methidathion 118 DDD (o,p’)
35 Metolachlor 119 DDE (o,p’)
36 Mevinphos 120 Isoproturon
37 Myclobutanil 121 Quintozane
38 Napropamide 122 Tetrachlorvinphos
39 Nitrothal-isopropyl 123 Tetradifon
40 Oxadixyl 124 Tolylfluanid
41 Oxadiazon 125 Butocarboxim
42 Paclobutrazol 126 Heptenophos
43 Parathion 127 Acephate
44 Penconazole 128 Aldicarb
45 Pendimethalin 129 Aldicarb-sulfoxide
46 Permethrin 130 Aldoxycarb
47 Phenthoate 131 Bensulfuron-methyl
48 Phorate 132 Captan
49 Phosalone 133 Carbaryl
50 Phosmet 134 Carbofuran-3-hydroxy
51 Phoxim 135 Clethodim
52 Pirimicarb 136 Cyromazine
53 Pirimiphos-methyl 137 Dichlofluanid
54 Procymidone 138 Emamectin benzoate(Et)
55 Profenofos 139 Ethiofencarb
56 Promecarb 140 Fenhexamid
57 Prometryn 141 Fluazifop-p-butyl
58 Propamocarb 142 Iprodione
59 Propargite 143 Iprovalicarb
60 Propham 144 Isofenphos-methyl
61 Propiconazole 145 Methiocarb
62 Propoxur 146 Methomyl
63 Propyzamide 147 Methoxyfenozide
64 Pyrazophos 148 Monocrotophos
65 Pyridaben 149 Nicosulfuron
66 Pyridaphenthion 150 Omethoate
67 Pyrimethanil 151 Oxydemeton-methyl
68 Quinalphos 152 Pirimiphos-ethy l
69 Simazine 153 Pymetrozin
70 S421 154 Quizalofop-ethyl
71 Dimethoate 155 Rimsulfuron
72 Edifenphos 156 Spinosad
73 Endosulfan (alpha isomer) 157 Spiroxamine
74 Endosulfan (beta isomer) 158 Tebufenozide
75 Endosulfan sulfate 159 Thiabendazole
76 Ethion 160 Thiacloprid
77 Ethoprophos 161 Thiamethoxam
78 Etofenprox 162 Hifensulfuron-methyl
79 Etrimfos 163 Thiodicarb
80 Fenarimol 164 Triasulfuron
81 Fenitrothion 165 Trichlorfon
82 Fenobucarb 166 Triflusulfuron-methyl
83 Fenoxycarb 167 Thiofanox-sulfone
84 Fenpropathrin 168 Thiofanox-sulfoxid

Comparison of the biological efficiency of edible mushrooms cultivated with apple sawdust and other materials.

Pleurotus ostreatus Lentinus edodes
Formula 1 (CK) Formula 2 Formula 3 (CK) Formula 4
Biological efficiency % 112.17 ± 4.23** 89.70 ± 2.04 80.79 ± 1.89 81.62 ± 1.40

Pesticide residue test results of apple wood (mg · kg−1 dry weight).

Apple Wood Sample No Chlorpyrifos Cyhalothrin Cypermethrin Difenoconazole Tebuconazole Chlorbenzuron Carbendazim Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Cymoxanil Prochloraz
1 0.010 ND ND ND ND ND 0.015 ND ND ND ND
2 0.45 ND 0.19 0.083 0.16 0.21 1.43 0.19 0.038 0.083 0.040
3 0.13 ND ND ND ND ND 0.40 0.10 0.023 ND ND
4 0.04 ND ND ND 0.052 0.037 ND ND ND ND ND
5 0.14 ND ND ND 0.10 ND 0.35 0.075 0.010 ND ND
6 0.035 ND ND ND 0.090 0.16 0.40 0.037 0.021 ND ND
7 0.037 ND ND ND 0.044 ND 0.12 0.036 0.015 ND ND
8 0.22 ND 0.11 ND 0.031 ND ND ND ND ND ND
9 0.14 ND ND ND 0.027 ND 0.028 ND ND ND ND
10 0.094 ND ND ND 0.083 ND 1.22 0.095 0.048 ND ND
11 0.10 ND ND ND 0.11 0.13 4.86 0.11 0.030 ND ND
12 0.043 ND ND ND 0.060 ND 1.25 0.14 0.013 ND ND
13 0.010 ND ND ND 0.017 ND 0.047 ND 0.11 ND ND
14 0.18 ND ND ND 0.44 0.21 0.62 0.32 0.077 ND ND
15 0.31 0.14 ND ND 0.41 ND 0.62 0.11 0.072 ND ND
16 0.029 ND ND ND ND 0.052 0.086 0.045 ND ND ND
17 0.066 ND ND 0.034 0.16 ND 0.25 ND ND ND ND
18 0.017 ND ND ND ND ND 0.04 ND ND ND ND
19 0.067 ND ND ND 0.098 ND 0.12 0.047 ND ND ND
20 0.47 0.19 ND ND 0.18 0.093 1.3 0.065 0.053 0.056 ND
21 0.75 ND ND ND ND 0.051 0.13 0.031 0.025 ND ND

Correlation analysis of the content of each element in apple wood samples.

Element Pb Cd Hg As Cr Ni Zn Fe Mn
Cd 0.031
Hg 0.156 0.080
As 0.059 0.386** 0.133
Cr 0.530** 0.124 0.336** −0.001
Ni 0.056 −0.090 0.054 −0.076 0.378**
Zn 0.361** 0.733** 0.162 0.207 0.446** 0.203
Fe 0.988** 0.050 0.118 0.065 0.560** 0.112 0.394**
Mn 0.249* 0.125 0.235* 0.211 0.171 0.050 0.216 0.243*
Cu 0.346** 0.104 0.452** −0.027 0.626** 0.025 0.292* 0.342** 0.250*

Pesticide residue contents of culture raw material samples (mg · kg−1 dry weight).

Pesticide residues Apple sawdust Oak sawdust Cottonseed husk Corn cobs Wheat bran
Chlorpyrifos 0.56 ± 0.075 ND ND ND ND
Acetamiprid 0.16 ± 0.020 ND ND ND ND
Phoxim 0.053 ± 0.0047 ND ND ND 0.058 ± 0.0047

Analysis of the contents of pesticide residues in apple wood samples.

Pesticide residues Detection rate (%) Detection range (mg · kg−1) Average (mg · kg−1) Standard deviation Coefficient of variation (%)
Chlorpyrifos 100 0.01–0.75 0.16 0.19 119.64
Cyhalothrin 9.52 0.14–0.19 0.17 0.04 21.43
Cypermethrin 9.52 0.11–0.19 0.15 0.06 37.71
Chlorbenzuron 38.10 0.037–0.21 0.12 0.07 59.87
Carbendazim 90.48 0.015–4.86 0.70 1.12 157.31
Imidacloprid 66.67 0.031–0.32 0.10 0.08 76.69
Acetamiprid 61.90 0.01–0.11 0.04 0.03 76.88
Difenoconazole 9.52 0.034–0.083 0.06 0.03 59.23
Tebuconazole 76.19 0.017–0.44 0.13 0.13 97.43
Cymoxanil 9.52 0.056–0.083 0.07 0.02 27.47
Prochloraz 4.76 0.04 0.04
eISSN:
2083-5965
Sprache:
Englisch
Zeitrahmen der Veröffentlichung:
2 Hefte pro Jahr
Fachgebiete der Zeitschrift:
Biologie, Botanik, Zoologie, Ökologie, andere
Zeitschrift RSS Feed