Without clinical evidence of necrotic bone With nonspecific clinical findings With symptoms |
Exposed and necrotic bone or fistula probing the bone Asymptomatic patients No evidence of infection |
Exposed and necrotic bone or fistula probing the bone Infection evident by pain and erythema at the site of the exposed bone with or without purulent drainage |
Exposed and necrotic bone or fistula probing the bone Symptoms of pain and infection Extraoral fistula Oral antral or oral nasal communication |
Alveolar bone loss, resorption not attributed to periodontal disease Trabecular pattern changes Dense bone Lamina dura thickening Decreased periodontal ligament space |
Radiological findings localized to the alveolar bone |
Radiological findings localized to the alveolar bone |
Findings extending beyond the region of alveolar bone Pathologic fracture Osteolysis extending to the inferior border of the mandible or sinus floor |