Exploring and counteracting stage specific course completion risk factors in open higher education distance learning

Independent variables	M	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	VIF
Motivation	4.56	1.78	−0.27	−1.14	1.57
Available time	3.23	1.26	−0.19	−0.76	1.91
Life situation	2.32	1.06	0.68	0.75	1.85
Instructions	2.72	1.01	0.97	2.86	1.56
Formative feedback	2.57	0.95	1.14	4.18	1.50
Difficulty level	3.38	1.36	−0.08	−0.62	2.19
Completion method	2.63	1.10	0.70	0.90	2.17
Study material	2.51	0.93	0.62	0.74	1.57
Material availability	2.83	1.15	0.30	−0.18	2.21
Learning environment	2.38	0.96	0.74	0.86	1.40
Study schedule	2.63	1.27	0.77	0.45	1.51

Risk factor	Completion stage
	Completed	Failed	Abandoned	Not initiated
Student-based risk factors
Motivation	0.46 [0.30, 0.72]	0.98 [0.52, 1.85]	1.07 [0.71, 1.61]	1.80 [1.12, 2.90]
Available time	0.62 [0.41, 0.93]	1.48 [0.71, 3.09]	1.01 [0.65, 1.58]	1.98 [1.21, 3.26]
Life situation	0.70 [0.48, 1.01]	1.04 [0.54, 1.99]	1.66 [1.09, 2.54]	1.25 [0.81, 1.92]
Pedagogy-related risk factors
Instructions	1.09 [0.67, 1.77]	1.42 [0.71, 2.84]	1.12 [0.67, 1.87]	1.06 [0.61, 1.83]
Formative feedback	0.87 [0.69, 1.09]	1.29 [0.87, 1.92]	1.34 [0.81, 2.20]	1.21 [0.93, 1.57]
Difficulty level	0.94 [0.59, 1.51]	2.11 [1.09, 4.09]	1.34 [0.85, 2.20]	1.05 [0.62, 1.79]
Completion method	0.47 [0.28, 0.80]	0.76 [0.37, 1.55]	1.70 [1.05, 2.77]	2.33 [1.29, 4.24]
Study material	1.74 [0.99, 3.06]	0.86 [0.36, 2.06]	0.74 [0.41, 1.34]	0.65 [0.34, 1.24]
Material availability	0.94 [0.65, 1.36]	1.93 [1.03, 3.60]	1.09 [0.72, 1.65]	0.74 [0.74, 1.16]
Learning environment	0.84 [0.51, 1.40]	1.44 [0.66, 3.14]	0.90 [0.53, 1.52]	0.92 [0.53, 1.61]
Study schedule	1.07 [0.73, 1.57]	0.69 [0.36, 1.36]	1.09 [0.73, 1.64]	0.91 [0.58, 1.42]

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