Selected Phenolic Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke, CORESTA Collaborative Study and Recommended Method *

Rana Tayyarah; Douglas Knepper; Alexander Hauleithner

Details zu Zeitschrift und Ausgabe

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

Zeitschriftendaten

Format: Zeitschrift
eISSN: 2719-9509
Erstveröffentlichung: 01 Jan 1992
Erscheinungsweise: 4 Hefte pro Jahr
Sprachen: Englisch

Smoking cigarettes is a cause of serious diseases in smokers including lung cancer, heart disease, and emphysema. Phenolic compounds catechol, hydroquinone, resorcinol, phenol, and/or o-, m-, and p-cresol are often among harmful and potentially harmful chemicals (HPHCs) of regulatory interest (1–5).

Phenols have been measured by various methods at least since the 1960s for research, product characterization, and selective filtration purposes (6–13). In particular, Health Canada’s T-114 was treated as a starting point for the study reported here (14). The scope of T-114 is limited to phenolic determination using intense smoking regime T-115 (15). The purpose of this study was to establish a method with a broader scope and to establish repeatability and reproducibility estimates for the determination of phenolic compounds using cigarettes and test pieces across a wide range of “tar” yield and cigarette designs.

Thus, a collaborative study was conducted involving 20 laboratories from 11 countries, smoking 10 samples from the world-wide market. The samples had a range of blend styles (Virginia, American blend, and dark air-cured) and ISO 3308 “tar” yields between 1 and 13 mg. The cigarettes were smoked under both the ISO 3308 and ISO 20778 smoking regimes (16–17).

Statistical evaluations were made according to ISO 5725 recommendations and repeatability and reproducibility data are provided (18).

EXPERIMENTAL

Participating laboratories

The laboratories that conducted the testing along with the product volunteers are listed in alphabetical order in Table 1. To ensure anonymity of the results, each laboratory was given a unique study code for data exchange and reporting.

Table 1.

Participating laboratories and product volunteers.

Testing participants
Altria Client Services	ITC Ltd.
ARISTA Laboratories	ITG, France
BAT Souza Cruz SA – Brazil	ITL – Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken
British American Tobacco	Japan Tobacco Inc.
China National Tobacco Corp. Beijing Cigarette Factory	Japan Tobacco International
CNTC – Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute	KT&G Corp.
CNTC QC	Labstat International Inc.
Enthalpy Analytical, Inc.	Philip Morris International – Brazil
Essentra Scientific Services	Philip Morris International – Indonesia
Global Laboratory Services, Inc.	R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

Product Volunteers
British American Tobacco Germany GmbH	Japan Tobacco – Japan
China National Tobacco Corp. Beijing Cigarette Factory	Philip Morris International – Neuchatel, Switzerland
ITG Altadis	Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd

Study protocol

Participating laboratories were asked to follow a supplied study protocol, a draft of a CORESTA Recommended Method (CRM), and Health Canada T-114 (14) analytical method for the determination of phenols. Samples analyzed for the study are listed in Table 2 with a range of blend and cigarette designs that represent the market and a wide range of total particulate matter (TPM) and analyte yields. In accordance with the study protocol, participating laboratories were asked to obtain reference cigarettes and monitor test pieces directly from suppliers (19–20). Other samples were commercial products from various regions provided by the study volunteers listed in Table 1. Five replicates of each product with each smoking regime were requested to be generated. Reportable measures included puff count, TPM, hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol.

Table 2.

Study samples.

Sample ID	Blend description	Approximate TPM ISO 3308 regime (mg/cig)^a	Approximate TPM ISO 20778 regime (mg/cig)
CM7	Virginia	16.1	43.4
KR 1R5F	American	2.0	31.8
KR 3R4F	American	9.9	44.1
Sample 1	Dark air-cured	13.5	44.1
Sample 2	American	8.9	40.2
Sample 3	American	10.2	45.1
Sample 4	Virginia	4.0	30.3
Sample 5	Virginia	1.8	20.6
Sample 6	Virginia	11.3	36.1
Sample 7	Charcoal filtered	1.2	25.8

Based on the average TPM values from the study reported in this report

The yields of phenols collected under ISO 3308 (non-intense) and ISO 20778 (intense) smoking regimes were reported in units of microgram per cigarette (µg/cig) in the templates provided to participants.

Smoke collection and sample preparation

Following the recommended method, conditioned cigarettes were smoked using an automated 20-port constant volume smoking machine, onto a conditioned, pre-weighed glass fiber filter disc (pad).

TPM was determined gravimetrically and puff counts were as recorded. The pads were extracted using 40 mL of 1% aqueous acetic acid with 30 min of agitation using a wrist-action shaker. Extracts were diluted using 1% acetic acid based on total TPM. Samples below 15 mg TPM were tested undiluted. Samples with 15–60 mg TPM were diluted 2:5 and samples with 60–100 mg TPM were diluted 1:5 prior to analysis.

Analytical method

Samples were analyzed within 24 hours of collection and extraction as hydroquinone is subject to rapid oxidation. Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD).

Detector settings are included in Table 3.

Table 3.

Fluorescence detector settings.

Time initial	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)
0.0	280	310
12.4	280	310
12.5	274	298
23.0	274	298
24.0	280	310
28.0	280	310

The mobile phase consisted of: 1% acetic acid (HOAC) (aqueous; solvent A); 1% HOAC (in methanol; solvent B) with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and an elution gradient as noted in Table 4.

Table 4.

Elution program.^a

Time (min)	Composition
Time (min)	% A	% B
0	78	22
8	78	22
8.5	55	45
21	55	45
22	0	100
28	0	100
(Equilibrate 6 min)

Linear gradient

Sample injection volume was 10 µL to 20 µL onto a pentafluorophenylpropyl analytical column (4.6 mm × 150 mm × 3 µm).

Data analysis

Data consistency was verified using graphical and numerical outlier detection techniques. Mandel’s h plot and Grubbs test were used to evaluate between-laboratories consistency.

Mandel’s k plot and Cochran’s test were used to evaluate within-laboratory consistency. Grubbs and Cochran tests are less likely to qualify data points as outliers than their corresponding graphical methods and to avoid excessive data exclusion. Thus, the final decision on straggling (0.95) and outlying (0.99) data was made using Cochran’s and single-iteration Grubbs tests.

Straggling data were retained in the dataset but outlying data were removed for descriptive statistics reporting. Overall mean, standard deviation, repeatability (r), and reproducibility (R) values were determined according to ISO 5725-216 (18).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Study design

The study design allowed for evaluation of the robustness of the method across the linear range for analytes of interest and confirmed the method’s effectiveness with a variety of products.

Thus, the study samples chosen represented a wide variety of TPM yields, tobacco blends, and product construction parameters including varied filter ventilation level and inclusion of a filter additive for one study sample. Non-intense and intense smoking regimes were used to verify applicability with the recommended method.

General trending

Smoking related measures, including puff count and TPM, had low variability for both smoking regimes and across all products. Sample 7 (activated charcoal filter and high filter ventilation) showed the highest variability among the products tested. Additionally, no significant differences in results were noted based on choice of smoking machine type (i.e., linear or rotary). The method appears to distinguish samples appropriately. As expected of particulate phase and pad-trapped semi-volatile constituents, the analyte yields were directly correlated to TPM yields. When normalized to TPM, phenols showed predictable trending based on blend type. For example, Virginia (i.e., fluecured) products had higher phenolic:TPM values compared to American blend samples containing Burley tobacco.

In general, CM7 had the highest phenolic:TPM values. This is consistent with previous research indicating that flue-cured tobacco may generate higher levels of some phenolic HPHCs (10, 21).

Data below the limits of quantification (LOQ)

Several data sets included non-numeric (i.e., < LOQ) reporting for resorcinol, phenol, and the cresol compounds. These values were excluded from outlier evaluation and calculation of descriptive statistics and repeatability (r), and reproducibility (R) values.

Outlier detection

Results of graphical outlier detection methods (Mandel’s h and k plots) are not displayed in this report. During the first iteration, there were 10 stragglers and 8 outliers for the non-intense regime, and 13 stragglers and 7 outliers for the intense regime. A second iteration of the test did not reveal any further outliers. Grubbs single outlier test was employed on the lab means and identified the following outliers and stragglers. There were 4 stragglers and 8 outliers in the non-intense regime, and 10 stragglers and 13 outliers for the intense regime. All outliers were removed from the dataset. All straggling data was retained.

Determination of inter-laboratory repeatability and reproducibility variance

Mean, r, and R results with outliers removed are displayed in Table 5 and Table 6. Values are typically above limits established in ISO 8243 (22) for “tar”, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO). This is not unexpected given the much lower levels for phenols (µg) than TNCO measures (mg). Additionally, the highest values for r and R noted in the study were for results near LOQ at limits of the method’s capabilities.

Table 5.

Non-intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

		CM7	1R5F	3R4F	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4	Sample 5	Sample 6	Sample 7
Puff count	Mean ^a	8.45	6.90	8.28	5.66	7.88	6.91	5.19	4.54	6.82	6.16
Puff count	STD ^b	0.35	0.27	0.33	0.27	0.36	0.34	2.35	1.10	1.65	0.25
TPM	Mean	16.12	1.96	9.85	13.46	8.85	10.24	3.26	1.69	10.64	1.17
TPM	STD	1.07	0.32	0.78	1.78	0.75	0.84	1.71	0.52	2.90	0.31
Hydroquinone	Mean	91.82	8.45	32.84	42.78	36.98	46.88	20.38 ^*	9.30	46.69	8.09
	STD	7.47	1.33	2.78	3.85	3.43	3.60	3.26	1.19	4.08	0.96
	r ^c	12.14	1.58	4.27	8.92	5.97	6.72	2.89	1.78	6.31	1.41
	R ^d	23.58	3.97	8.67	13.40	10.99	11.75	9.49	3.68	12.73	2.97
	N ^e	18	17	18	14	18	18	14	18	16	18
Resorcinol	Mean	1.79 ^*	0.13 ^*	0.63 ^*	0.66 ^*	0.80 ^*	0.97 ^*	0.51	0.35	1.19 ^*	0.12 ^*
	STD	0.30	0.04	0.15	0.21	0.16	0.18	0.09	0.05	0.21	0.03 ^*
	r	0.52	0.09	0.19	0.37	0.29	0.29	0.18	0.14	0.22	0.10
	R	0.95	0.14	0.46	0.67	0.51	0.58	0.30	0.17	0.63	0.13
	N	17	13	15	12	16	16	13	15	15	12
Catechol	Mean	96.39	8.13	36.77	35.30	39.87	42.61	24.17	12.89	58.19	7.84
	STD	4.13	0.62	1.72	1.53	2.45	2.16	2.41	0.68	3.09	0.59
	r	13.39	1.60	5.02	7.32	6.84	4.91	4.77	1.98	7.58	1.88
	R	16.65	2.25	6.60	7.83	9.19	7.46	7.99	2.61	11.00	2.35
	N	18	17	18	14	18	17	15	18	16	18
Phenol	Mean	27.60 ^*	0.93	7.06	19.97	9.64	12.47	4.58	1.21 ^*	13.91	0.49 ^*
	STD	2.94	0.19	0.80	1.49	1.28	1.15	1.11	0.25	1.42	0.11
	r	4.17	0.44	1.59	4.12	2.43	2.52	1.24	0.36	3.04	0.29
	R	9.05	0.65	2.64	5.57	4.20	3.93	3.30	0.77	4.81	0.39
	N	16	14	18	14	18	18	15	16	16	13
o-Cresol	Mean	5.63	0.38	2.33	5.75	2.62	3.30	1.34	0.42 ^*	3.40	0.21
	STD	0.68	0.08	0.27	0.65	0.37	0.35	0.26	0.10	0.43	0.07
	r	0.96	0.15	0.54	1.22	0.63	0.67	0.29	0.15	0.66	0.12
	R	2.08	0.25	0.90	2.11	1.18	1.14	0.78	0.31	1.35	0.23
	N	18	15	18	14	18	18	15	16	16	13
m-Cresol	Mean	4.57	0.32	1.83	3.73	2.03	2.50	1.10	0.38	2.78	0.24
	STD	0.67	0.10	0.18	0.45	0.33	0.29	0.22	0.07	0.28	0.12
	r	0.69	0.12	0.37	0.77	0.42	0.43	0.23	0.11	0.53	0.10
	R	1.98	0.29	0.61	1.43	0.99	0.90	0.64	0.23	0.92	0.36
	N	17	13	17	13	17	17	14	17	16	13
p-Cresol	Mean	12.45	0.73	4.56	10.40	5.44	6.49	2.49	0.88	6.25	0.44
	STD	1.24	0.14	0.51	0.87	0.71	0.60	0.50	0.13	0.73	0.13
	r	1.63	0.27	0.75	2.24	1.19	1.07	0.47	0.20	1.02	0.16
	R	3.76	0.46	1.58	3.16	2.26	1.93	1.47	0.40	2.24	0.39
	N	17	16	17	13	17	17	14	17	16	17

Mean: mean yield (μg/cig) except TPM (mg/cig) and puff count (pc)

STD: overall standard deviation

r: repeatability (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)

R: reproducibility (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)

N: number of datasets used for r and R determination after removal of outliers and non-quantifiable values

Values calculated after removal of outlier (s)

Table 6.

Intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

		CM7	1R5F	3R4F	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4	Sample 5	Sample 6	Sample 7
Puff count	Mean ^a	11.78	6.40	10.39	7.00	9.74	7.62	5.81	5.02	9.31	6.54
Puff count	STD ^b	0.56	0.36	0.51	0.40	0.51	0.52	2.63	1.25	2.33	0.37
TPM	Mean	43.36	31.83	44.12	44.11	40.16	45.09	24.62	19.43	33.86	25.79
TPM	STD	6.09	4.07	3.97	4.80	4.62	4.87	12.32	5.91	9.33	3.76
Hydroquinone	Mean	191.17	53.41	89.62	91.44	101.85	114.04	76.44 ^*	43.56	106.50	60.19
	STD	15.16	5.08	7.49	7.99	8.60	6.30	5.32	4.30	9.49	5.47
	r ^c	27.40	11.85	11.67	18.19	15.75	18.27	9.98	9.36	15.97	17.18
	R ^d	49.02	17.74	23.43	27.67	27.88	24.05	17.37	14.67	30.16	21.70
	N ^e	18	17	18	14	18	18	14	18	16	18
Resorcinol	Mean	3.77	1.07 ^*	1.87 ^*	1.35 ^*	2.55	2.77	2.21	2.07	2.70	1.46
	STD	0.79	0.15	0.40	0.41	0.68	0.79	0.48	0.44	0.39	0.42
	r	0.70	0.38	0.45	0.60	0.65	0.75	0.80	0.68	0.71	0.57
	R	2.31	0.55	1.18	1.27	1.99	2.32	1.52	1.39	1.26	1.27
	N	18	14	15	11	17	18	15	17	16	17
Catechol	Mean	198.81	41.73	90.24	76.29	100.18	96.21	79.79 ^*	54.38	127.00 ^*	51.10
	STD	15.11	3.55	6.71	6.52	7.92	9.10	6.22	4.56	6.48	5.27
	r	27.35	9.81	14.58	14.03	14.46	20.19	11.53	12.81	24.78	13.13
	R	48.87	13.26	22.87	22.16	25.68	31.23	20.24	17.16	28.64	18.86
	N	18	17	18	14	18	18	14	18	15	18
Phenol	Mean	43.05	8.20	13.13	36.65	16.99	19.19	12.00	6.64	19.33 ^*	6.93
	STD	3.59	0.91	1.05	1.20	1.46	1.59	1.33	0.63	1.35	0.57
	r	8.93	1.88	3.30	8.39	4.14	4.82	2.96	1.74	4.59	3.13
	R	12.83	3.05	4.17	8.22	5.51	6.21	4.56	2.34	5.58	3.23
	N	18	17	18	14	18	18	15	18	15	18
o-Cresol	Mean	8.67	2.53	4.15	10.88	4.66	5.22	3.14 ^*	1.90	4.53 ^*	1.97
	STD	1.14	0.28	0.50	0.99	0.60	0.60	0.38	0.22	0.41	0.28
	r	1.89	0.58	0.96	2.52	1.05	1.22	0.66	0.52	1.15	0.91
	R	3.62	0.93	1.64	3.58	1.93	2.01	1.22	0.78	1.55	1.13
	N	18	16	18	14	18	18	14	17	15	17
m-Cresol	Mean	7.08	1.78	3.25	7.14	3.58	3.90	2.65	1.58	3.91	1.67
	STD	1.07	0.22	0.45	0.74	0.51	0.37	0.43	0.22	0.37	0.35
	r	1.27	0.48	0.72	1.49	0.68	0.90	0.64	0.45	0.84	0.69
	R	3.22	0.76	1.42	2.47	1.55	1.31	1.34	0.74	1.28	1.16
	N	17	16	17	13	17	16	14	17	16	17
p-Cresol	Mean	20.16 ^*	5.53	8.54 ^*	21.25	9.99 ^*	10.77 ^*	6.49	4.14	9.08 ^*	4.12 ^*
	STD	2.21	0.72	0.72	2.32	1.10	1.06	0.81	0.36	0.82	0.40
	r	3.58	1.09	1.78	4.29	1.98	2.19	1.31	0.91	1.84	1.82
	R	6.97	2.24	2.56	7.55	3.56	3.55	2.56	1.30	2.82	1.98
	N	16	16	16	13	16	16	14	17	15	16

^a Mean: mean yield (μg/cig) except TPM (mg/cig) and puff count (pc)

^b STD: overall standard deviation

^c r: repeatability (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)

^d R: reproducibility (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)

^e N: number of datasets used for r and R determination after removal of outliers and non-quantifiable values

^* Values calculated after removal of outlier (s)

CONCLUSION

Through this study, a robust method CRM Nº 78 (23) and ISO standards ISO 23904 (24) and ISO 23905 (25) were established for the determination of mainstream cigarette smoke phenolics.

The scope of the study included 20 laboratories testing 10 cigarette samples across a range of blends types. The products tested included a range of TPM values between 1 mg and 16 mg (ISO 3308) and 32 mg and 51 mg (ISO 20778) and two smoking machine designs. The analytes tested were from a 4-fold to a 60-fold range in of the analytes of interest. Reproducibility (R) values, expressed as a percentage of mean yield, ranged from 17–150%.

Zahlen und Tabellen

Participating laboratories and product volunteers.

Testing participants
Altria Client Services	ITC Ltd.
ARISTA Laboratories	ITG, France
BAT Souza Cruz SA – Brazil	ITL – Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken
British American Tobacco	Japan Tobacco Inc.
China National Tobacco Corp. Beijing Cigarette Factory	Japan Tobacco International
CNTC – Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute	KT&G Corp.
CNTC QC	Labstat International Inc.
Enthalpy Analytical, Inc.	Philip Morris International – Brazil
Essentra Scientific Services	Philip Morris International – Indonesia
Global Laboratory Services, Inc.	R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

Intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

		CM7	1R5F	3R4F	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4	Sample 5	Sample 6	Sample 7
Puff count	Mean ^a	11.78	6.40	10.39	7.00	9.74	7.62	5.81	5.02	9.31	6.54
Puff count	STD ^b	0.56	0.36	0.51	0.40	0.51	0.52	2.63	1.25	2.33	0.37
TPM	Mean	43.36	31.83	44.12	44.11	40.16	45.09	24.62	19.43	33.86	25.79
TPM	STD	6.09	4.07	3.97	4.80	4.62	4.87	12.32	5.91	9.33	3.76
Hydroquinone	Mean	191.17	53.41	89.62	91.44	101.85	114.04	76.44 ^*	43.56	106.50	60.19
	STD	15.16	5.08	7.49	7.99	8.60	6.30	5.32	4.30	9.49	5.47
	r ^c	27.40	11.85	11.67	18.19	15.75	18.27	9.98	9.36	15.97	17.18
	R ^d	49.02	17.74	23.43	27.67	27.88	24.05	17.37	14.67	30.16	21.70
	N ^e	18	17	18	14	18	18	14	18	16	18
Resorcinol	Mean	3.77	1.07 ^*	1.87 ^*	1.35 ^*	2.55	2.77	2.21	2.07	2.70	1.46
	STD	0.79	0.15	0.40	0.41	0.68	0.79	0.48	0.44	0.39	0.42
	r	0.70	0.38	0.45	0.60	0.65	0.75	0.80	0.68	0.71	0.57
	R	2.31	0.55	1.18	1.27	1.99	2.32	1.52	1.39	1.26	1.27
	N	18	14	15	11	17	18	15	17	16	17
Catechol	Mean	198.81	41.73	90.24	76.29	100.18	96.21	79.79 ^*	54.38	127.00 ^*	51.10
	STD	15.11	3.55	6.71	6.52	7.92	9.10	6.22	4.56	6.48	5.27
	r	27.35	9.81	14.58	14.03	14.46	20.19	11.53	12.81	24.78	13.13
	R	48.87	13.26	22.87	22.16	25.68	31.23	20.24	17.16	28.64	18.86
	N	18	17	18	14	18	18	14	18	15	18
Phenol	Mean	43.05	8.20	13.13	36.65	16.99	19.19	12.00	6.64	19.33 ^*	6.93
	STD	3.59	0.91	1.05	1.20	1.46	1.59	1.33	0.63	1.35	0.57
	r	8.93	1.88	3.30	8.39	4.14	4.82	2.96	1.74	4.59	3.13
	R	12.83	3.05	4.17	8.22	5.51	6.21	4.56	2.34	5.58	3.23
	N	18	17	18	14	18	18	15	18	15	18
o-Cresol	Mean	8.67	2.53	4.15	10.88	4.66	5.22	3.14 ^*	1.90	4.53 ^*	1.97
	STD	1.14	0.28	0.50	0.99	0.60	0.60	0.38	0.22	0.41	0.28
	r	1.89	0.58	0.96	2.52	1.05	1.22	0.66	0.52	1.15	0.91
	R	3.62	0.93	1.64	3.58	1.93	2.01	1.22	0.78	1.55	1.13
	N	18	16	18	14	18	18	14	17	15	17
m-Cresol	Mean	7.08	1.78	3.25	7.14	3.58	3.90	2.65	1.58	3.91	1.67
	STD	1.07	0.22	0.45	0.74	0.51	0.37	0.43	0.22	0.37	0.35
	r	1.27	0.48	0.72	1.49	0.68	0.90	0.64	0.45	0.84	0.69
	R	3.22	0.76	1.42	2.47	1.55	1.31	1.34	0.74	1.28	1.16
	N	17	16	17	13	17	16	14	17	16	17
p-Cresol	Mean	20.16 ^*	5.53	8.54 ^*	21.25	9.99 ^*	10.77 ^*	6.49	4.14	9.08 ^*	4.12 ^*
	STD	2.21	0.72	0.72	2.32	1.10	1.06	0.81	0.36	0.82	0.40
	r	3.58	1.09	1.78	4.29	1.98	2.19	1.31	0.91	1.84	1.82
	R	6.97	2.24	2.56	7.55	3.56	3.55	2.56	1.30	2.82	1.98
	N	16	16	16	13	16	16	14	17	15	16

Elution program.a

Time (min)	Composition
Time (min)	% A	% B
0	78	22
8	78	22
8.5	55	45
21	55	45
22	0	100
28	0	100
(Equilibrate 6 min)

Non-intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

		CM7	1R5F	3R4F	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4	Sample 5	Sample 6	Sample 7
Puff count	Mean ^a	8.45	6.90	8.28	5.66	7.88	6.91	5.19	4.54	6.82	6.16
Puff count	STD ^b	0.35	0.27	0.33	0.27	0.36	0.34	2.35	1.10	1.65	0.25
TPM	Mean	16.12	1.96	9.85	13.46	8.85	10.24	3.26	1.69	10.64	1.17
TPM	STD	1.07	0.32	0.78	1.78	0.75	0.84	1.71	0.52	2.90	0.31
Hydroquinone	Mean	91.82	8.45	32.84	42.78	36.98	46.88	20.38 ^*	9.30	46.69	8.09
	STD	7.47	1.33	2.78	3.85	3.43	3.60	3.26	1.19	4.08	0.96
	r ^c	12.14	1.58	4.27	8.92	5.97	6.72	2.89	1.78	6.31	1.41
	R ^d	23.58	3.97	8.67	13.40	10.99	11.75	9.49	3.68	12.73	2.97
	N ^e	18	17	18	14	18	18	14	18	16	18
Resorcinol	Mean	1.79 ^*	0.13 ^*	0.63 ^*	0.66 ^*	0.80 ^*	0.97 ^*	0.51	0.35	1.19 ^*	0.12 ^*
	STD	0.30	0.04	0.15	0.21	0.16	0.18	0.09	0.05	0.21	0.03 ^*
	r	0.52	0.09	0.19	0.37	0.29	0.29	0.18	0.14	0.22	0.10
	R	0.95	0.14	0.46	0.67	0.51	0.58	0.30	0.17	0.63	0.13
	N	17	13	15	12	16	16	13	15	15	12
Catechol	Mean	96.39	8.13	36.77	35.30	39.87	42.61	24.17	12.89	58.19	7.84
	STD	4.13	0.62	1.72	1.53	2.45	2.16	2.41	0.68	3.09	0.59
	r	13.39	1.60	5.02	7.32	6.84	4.91	4.77	1.98	7.58	1.88
	R	16.65	2.25	6.60	7.83	9.19	7.46	7.99	2.61	11.00	2.35
	N	18	17	18	14	18	17	15	18	16	18
Phenol	Mean	27.60 ^*	0.93	7.06	19.97	9.64	12.47	4.58	1.21 ^*	13.91	0.49 ^*
	STD	2.94	0.19	0.80	1.49	1.28	1.15	1.11	0.25	1.42	0.11
	r	4.17	0.44	1.59	4.12	2.43	2.52	1.24	0.36	3.04	0.29
	R	9.05	0.65	2.64	5.57	4.20	3.93	3.30	0.77	4.81	0.39
	N	16	14	18	14	18	18	15	16	16	13
o-Cresol	Mean	5.63	0.38	2.33	5.75	2.62	3.30	1.34	0.42 ^*	3.40	0.21
	STD	0.68	0.08	0.27	0.65	0.37	0.35	0.26	0.10	0.43	0.07
	r	0.96	0.15	0.54	1.22	0.63	0.67	0.29	0.15	0.66	0.12
	R	2.08	0.25	0.90	2.11	1.18	1.14	0.78	0.31	1.35	0.23
	N	18	15	18	14	18	18	15	16	16	13
m-Cresol	Mean	4.57	0.32	1.83	3.73	2.03	2.50	1.10	0.38	2.78	0.24
	STD	0.67	0.10	0.18	0.45	0.33	0.29	0.22	0.07	0.28	0.12
	r	0.69	0.12	0.37	0.77	0.42	0.43	0.23	0.11	0.53	0.10
	R	1.98	0.29	0.61	1.43	0.99	0.90	0.64	0.23	0.92	0.36
	N	17	13	17	13	17	17	14	17	16	13
p-Cresol	Mean	12.45	0.73	4.56	10.40	5.44	6.49	2.49	0.88	6.25	0.44
	STD	1.24	0.14	0.51	0.87	0.71	0.60	0.50	0.13	0.73	0.13
	r	1.63	0.27	0.75	2.24	1.19	1.07	0.47	0.20	1.02	0.16
	R	3.76	0.46	1.58	3.16	2.26	1.93	1.47	0.40	2.24	0.39
	N	17	16	17	13	17	17	14	17	16	17

Study samples.

Sample ID	Blend description	Approximate TPM ISO 3308 regime (mg/cig)^a	Approximate TPM ISO 20778 regime (mg/cig)
CM7	Virginia	16.1	43.4
KR 1R5F	American	2.0	31.8
KR 3R4F	American	9.9	44.1
Sample 1	Dark air-cured	13.5	44.1
Sample 2	American	8.9	40.2
Sample 3	American	10.2	45.1
Sample 4	Virginia	4.0	30.3
Sample 5	Virginia	1.8	20.6
Sample 6	Virginia	11.3	36.1
Sample 7	Charcoal filtered	1.2	25.8

Fluorescence detector settings.

Time initial	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)
0.0	280	310
12.4	280	310
12.5	274	298
23.0	274	298
24.0	280	310
28.0	280	310

Referenzen

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Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

Selected Phenolic Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke, CORESTA Collaborative Study and Recommended Method *

Rana Tayyarah,
Rana Tayyarah,
Douglas Knepper und
Douglas Knepper und
Alexander Hauleithner
Alexander Hauleithner

Online veröffentlicht: 04 Apr 2023

Volumen & Heft: Volumen 32 (2023) - Heft 1 (March 2023)

Seitenbereich: 18 - 25

Eingereicht: 24 Jun 2022

Akzeptiert: 31 Jan 2023

Details zu Zeitschrift und Ausgabe

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

PDF-Vorschau

Artikel

Zahlen und Tabellen

Participating laboratories and product volunteers.

Intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

Elution program.a

Non-intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

Study samples.

Fluorescence detector settings.

Referenzen

Neueste Artikel

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

Selected Phenolic Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke, CORESTA Collaborative Study and Recommended Method *

Rana Tayyarah,Rana Tayyarah,Douglas Knepper undDouglas Knepper undAlexander HauleithnerAlexander Hauleithner

Online veröffentlicht: 04 Apr 2023

Volumen & Heft: Volumen 32 (2023) - Heft 1 (March 2023)

Seitenbereich: 18 - 25

Eingereicht: 24 Jun 2022

Akzeptiert: 31 Jan 2023

Details zu Zeitschrift und Ausgabe

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

PDF-Vorschau

Artikel

Zahlen und Tabellen

Participating laboratories and product volunteers.

Intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

Elution program.a

Non-intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.

Study samples.

Fluorescence detector settings.

Referenzen

Neueste Artikel

Rana Tayyarah,
Rana Tayyarah,
Douglas Knepper und
Douglas Knepper und
Alexander Hauleithner
Alexander Hauleithner