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Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Cigarette Beetle Control in the Tobacco Industry – A Mini Review

Peter A. Edde
Peter A. Edde
 und 
Thomas W. Phillips
Thomas W. Phillips
   | 15. Aug. 2022
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Online veröffentlicht: 15. Aug. 2022
Seitenbereich: 90 - 100
Eingereicht: 05. Feb. 2022
Akzeptiert: 14. Apr. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2022-0009
© 2022 Peter A. Edde et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Cigarette beetle infestation triangle of variables needed to be favorable for a CB infestation.
Cigarette beetle infestation triangle of variables needed to be favorable for a CB infestation.

Figure 2

A large storage of boxes containing dry-cured tobacco for long-term storage being prepared for coverage with a long-last insecticide-treated netting called Carifend® (by BASF, https://agriculture.basf.com/global/en/business-areas/urban-and-rural-pest-control/use_areas/stored-product-pest-control.html).
A large storage of boxes containing dry-cured tobacco for long-term storage being prepared for coverage with a long-last insecticide-treated netting called Carifend® (by BASF, https://agriculture.basf.com/global/en/business-areas/urban-and-rural-pest-control/use_areas/stored-product-pest-control.html).

Figure 3

The practice of integrated pest management that monitors changes in pest numbers and product damage along with decisions for effective control (e.g., fumigation) before loss of profit. Modified from Hagstrum and Flinn (1995).
The practice of integrated pest management that monitors changes in pest numbers and product damage along with decisions for effective control (e.g., fumigation) before loss of profit. Modified from Hagstrum and Flinn (1995).

Figure 4

Gas-tight sealing for fumigation of stored tobacco showing typical situations for application of phosphine. Top-left is the inside of a warehouse prior to sealing openings to the outside, Top-right is a series of warehouses onto which windows have been sealed with thick cellophane and duct tape. Bottom-left is an example of a loading dock door that is sealed for fumigation. Bottom-right is a collection of a few boxes covered and sealed for localized, small fumigation.
Gas-tight sealing for fumigation of stored tobacco showing typical situations for application of phosphine. Top-left is the inside of a warehouse prior to sealing openings to the outside, Top-right is a series of warehouses onto which windows have been sealed with thick cellophane and duct tape. Bottom-left is an example of a loading dock door that is sealed for fumigation. Bottom-right is a collection of a few boxes covered and sealed for localized, small fumigation.

Figure 5

The Degesch™ phosphine tolerance test kit (left) (https://detia-garda.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Phosphine-Tolerance-Test-Manual.pdf). The kit includes two small pellets of magnesium phosphide, a 3.7-L plastic water jug in which the pellets are reacted with a small amount of water to generate an atmosphere of 6,000 ppm phosphine (left image). A small group of beetles are placed in a large see-through plastic syringe before a blend of gas and air is added to the barrel to result in a concentration of 3000 ppm phosphine. Beetles are observed for 30 min to count the number of susceptible beetles that are knocked-down by the phosphine. Beetles that remain upright and appear normal are scored as resistant.
The Degesch™ phosphine tolerance test kit (left) (https://detia-garda.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Phosphine-Tolerance-Test-Manual.pdf). The kit includes two small pellets of magnesium phosphide, a 3.7-L plastic water jug in which the pellets are reacted with a small amount of water to generate an atmosphere of 6,000 ppm phosphine (left image). A small group of beetles are placed in a large see-through plastic syringe before a blend of gas and air is added to the barrel to result in a concentration of 3000 ppm phosphine. Beetles are observed for 30 min to count the number of susceptible beetles that are knocked-down by the phosphine. Beetles that remain upright and appear normal are scored as resistant.

Figure 6

A portable heat-treatment device for delivering hot air into a flourmill from outdoors to control insects (top), and a hot-air blower operating inside a mill that is plumbed into the building's steam.
A portable heat-treatment device for delivering hot air into a flourmill from outdoors to control insects (top), and a hot-air blower operating inside a mill that is plumbed into the building's steam.

Figure 7

A GrainPro cocoon containing bagged commodity subjected to a low oxygen atmosphere using a vacuum pump to achieve approximately 1% oxygen. The same gas-tight covering could be used for tobacco under low O2 (via vacuum or high N2), high CO2, or a small application of a fumigant.
A GrainPro cocoon containing bagged commodity subjected to a low oxygen atmosphere using a vacuum pump to achieve approximately 1% oxygen. The same gas-tight covering could be used for tobacco under low O2 (via vacuum or high N2), high CO2, or a small application of a fumigant.

Figure 8

Mean ± SE number of CBs captured in sticky traps in treated mills 8 weeks before and after mating disruption. Mean number of beetles for a given mill followed by different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) (Adapted from Mahroof and Phillips, 2014).
Mean ± SE number of CBs captured in sticky traps in treated mills 8 weeks before and after mating disruption. Mean number of beetles for a given mill followed by different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) (Adapted from Mahroof and Phillips, 2014).
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