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Impacts of Environmental Variations on Quality and Chemical Contents of Oriental Tobacco

Dursun Kurt
Dursun Kurt
   | 20. Apr. 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 20. Apr. 2021
Seitenbereich: 50 - 62
Eingereicht: 13. Feb. 2020
Akzeptiert: 08. März 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0006
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© 2021 Dursun Kurt, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Dendrogram showing the genetic affinity of tobacco genotypes.
Dendrogram showing the genetic affinity of tobacco genotypes.

Figure 2

Variation in quality grade index (% of A grades) values of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.
Variation in quality grade index (% of A grades) values of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Figure 3

Variation in nicotine content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.
Variation in nicotine content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Figure 4

Variation in reducing sugars (glucose + fructose) content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.
Variation in reducing sugars (glucose + fructose) content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Figure 5

Variation in phenolics (chlorogenic acid + rutin) content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.
Variation in phenolics (chlorogenic acid + rutin) content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Glucose, fructose and reducing sugar content of 25 genotypes in four locations.

Genotype Glucose (% DM) Fructose (% DM) Reducing sugar (glucose + fructose) (% DM)
Evciler Kara. Güm. Bafra Mean Evciler Kara. Güm. Bafra Mean Evciler Kara. Güm. Bafra Mean
ERB-5 1.95 k 3.63 hk 2.84 d 2.66 df 2.77 2.60 k 5.15 ei 5.02 4.74 4.38 4.54 i 8.79 ei 7.86 df 7.41 fg 7.15
ERB-6 4.65 bd 3.46 ik 3.96 a 2.66 df 3.68 5.58 cf 6.15 cd 5.63 4.99 5.59 10.23 cf 9.61 df 9.59 a 7.65 bg 9.27
ERB-7 3.03 ij 4.44 ef 4.01 a 3.18 be 3.66 4.92 eh 6.48 cd 5.16 5.42 5.50 7.95 g 10.92 c 9.17 ac 8.60 ac 9.16
ERB-9 3.75 fi 4.50 ef 3.02 d 2.65 df 3.48 4.94 eh 4.54 hj 5.11 4.95 4.88 8.69 fg 9.04 eh 8.13 bf 7.60 cg 8.36
ERB-11 2.83 j 3.55 ik 2.87 d 2.73 cf 2.99 5.04 dg 4.49 j 5.08 5.11 4.93 7.87 g 8.04 hi 7.95 cf 7.84 ag 7.93
ERB-12 1.16 l 4.29 eg 3.23 cd 3.07 bf 2.94 3.58 ij 5.95 ce 4.84 5.29 4.91 4.74 hi 10.24 cd 8.07 bf 8.36 ag 7.85
ERB-13 1.36 kl 4.08 fh 3.29 bd 2.72 cf 2.86 4.42 gi 5.73 cg 5.32 5.01 5.12 5.79 hi 9.81 de 8.61 ae 7.73 ag 7.99
ERB-14 4.26 cf 2.49 lm 3.88 ab 2.63 df 3.32 6.04 cd 3.59 k 5.34 4.81 4.95 10.30 ce 6.08 jl 9.21 ab 7.45 eg 8.26
ERB-15 4.08 df 4.10 fh 2.87 d 2.90 bf 3.49 5.79 ce 5.40 dh 5.00 4.98 5.29 9.87 df 9.50 dg 7.87 df 7.88 ag 8.78
ERB-16 1.67 kl 1.68 n 3.77 ac 3.08 bf 2.55 2.77 jk 3.38 k 5.30 4.75 4.05 4.44 i 5.06 l 9.07 ad 7.82 ag 6.60
ERB-17 4.60 be 3.58 hk 3.90 ab 2.90 bf 3.74 6.03 cd 4.83 hi 5.18 4.93 5.24 10.63 ce 8.41 gi 9.08 ad 7.83 ag 8.99
ERB-18 2.06 k 4.64 de 2.89 d 3.16 bf 3.19 4.02 hi 4.91 gi 5.00 5.09 4.76 6.08 h 9.55 dg 7.88 df 8.25 ag 7.94
ERB-19 4.13 df 3.85 gj 3.03 d 3.36 b 3.59 5.93 ce 5.23 ei 5.13 5.01 5.32 10.07 df 9.07 eh 8.16 bf 8.37 ag 8.92
ERB-21 6.80 a 3.93 gi 3.08 d 3.05 bf 4.21 7.95 a 5.06 fi 5.29 5.33 5.91 14.75 a 8.98 eh 8.37 bf 8.38 ag 10.12
ERB-23 4.06 df 1.79 n 2.96 d 3.93 a 3.19 5.23 dg 4.71 hi 5.16 4.78 4.97 9.29 eg 6.50 jk 8.12 bf 8.71 ab 8.16
ERB-25 3.88 eg 2.76 l 3.04 d 3.25 bc 3.23 5.37 dg 3.89 jk 5.15 5.24 4.91 9.26 eg 6.64 j 8.19 bf 8.49 af 8.15
ERB-26 4.97 bc 3.53 ik 2.68 d 3.43 ab 3.65 6.41 bc 5.82 cf 5.18 5.36 5.69 11.37 bd 9.35 dg 7.86 df 8.79 a 9.35
ERB-27 3.26 gj 2.66 l 2.86 d 3.32 b 3.02 4.63 fh 5.11 ei 5.04 5.24 5.00 7.89 g 7.77 i 7.90 df 8.56 ad 8.03
ERB-30 4.48 cf 5.63 c 2.98 d 3.44 ab 4.13 7.16 ab 8.66 a 5.02 5.07 6.48 11.64 bc 14.29 a 8.00 bf 8.51 ae 10.61
ERB-35 3.07 ij 2.10 mn 2.94 d 3.22 bd 2.83 5.16 dg 3.39 k 4.65 5.02 4.55 8.23 g 5.49 kl 7.59 ef 8.24 ag 7.39
ERB-38 3.17 hj 3.23 k 2.78 d 2.66 df 2.96 4.94 eh 5.40 dh 4.84 5.28 5.12 8.11 g 8.64 fi 7.62 ef 7.94 ag 8.08
Xan.2A 2.97 j 3.34 jk 2.85 d 2.65 df 2.95 5.02 eg 5.06 fi 5.01 4.92 5.00 7.99 g 8.40 gi 7.87 df 7.57 cg 7.96
Nail 5.19 b 8.88 a 2.81 d 2.68 cf 4.89 7.39 a 5.86 cf 4.78 4.70 5.68 12.58 b 14.74 a 7.59 ef 7.37 g 10.57
Canik 3.85 fh 6.89 b 2.89 d 2.58 f 4.05 5.49 cf 8.14 a 4.93 4.89 5.87 9.35 eg 15.03 a 7.82 df 7.48 dg 9.92
Xan.81 3.11 ij 5.03 d 2.66 d 2.60 ef 3.35 4.98 eh 7.25 b 4.65 5.08 5.49 8.09 g 12.28 b 7.31 f 7.68 bg 8.84
Mean 3.53 3.92 3.12 2.98 3.39 5.26 5.37 5.07 5.04 5.18 8.79 9.29 8.20 8.02 8.57
M. check 3.78 6.04 2.80 2.63 3.81 5.72 6.58 4.84 4.90 5.51 9.50 12.61 7.65 7.53 9.32
M. lines 3.49 3.52 3.19 3.05 3.31 5.17 5.14 5.12 5.07 5.12 8.65 8.66 8.30 8.11 8.43
LSD 0.05 0.64 0.46 0.59 0.49 0.85 0.74 0.62 0.56 0.35 0.99 1.04 0.89
CV (%) 11.09 7.17 11.51 10.03 9.91 8.39 7.46 6.80 9.40 6.47 7.74 6.80
Mean square and significance df
Genotype 5.09** 7.28** 0.54** 0.37** 4.76** 5.09** 0.15 0.12 18.76** 20.55** 1.05** 0.61* 24
Error 0.15 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.27 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.68 0.36 0.40 0.30 48

Monthly climate data during vegetative growth in the locations.

Months Erbaa Gümüşhacıköy Bafra
LTA. 2017 D. LTA. 2017 D. LTA. 2017 D.
April °C 14.2 12.4 −1.8 11.0 10.0 −1.0 11.2 9.9 −1.3
mm 55.4 45.2 −10.2 56.9 43.6 −13.3 57.7 63.0 5.3
% 58.6 65.2 6.6 58.7 62.9 4.2 79.0 85.8 6.8
May °C 18.1 17.0 −1.1 14.4 14.4 0 15.5 15.0 −0.5
mm 62.2 50.5 −11.7 75.5 70.9 −4.6 47.2 53.6 6.4
% 60.7 71.6 10.9 59.6 69.5 9.9 79.4 87.6 8.2
June °C 21.6 21.4 −0.2 18.2 18.4 0.2 20.1 20.3 0.2
mm 48.4 94.5 46.1 74.9 87.3 12.4 34.6 45.9 11.3
% 58.1 73.6 15.5 58.9 79.2 20.3 74.9 84.7 9.8
July °C 23.9 20.8 −3.1 20.7 21.3 0.6 22.8 23.5 0.7
mm 24.6 1.2 −23.4 26.6 8.4 −18.2 31.0 0 −31
% 55.4 74.2 18.8 53.3 55.5 2.2 73.1 95.2 22.1
August °C 23.8 25.9 2.1 21.1 22.3 1.2 22.9 24.3 1.4
mm 9.9 1.0 −8.9 11.3 9.2 −2.1 47.3 24.8 −22.5
% 55.6 65.8 10.2 50.9 67.7 16.8 74.5 75.2 0.7
September °C 20.5 22.2 1.7 17.4 20.8 3.4 19.5 21.2 1.7
mm 16.1 2.9 −13.2 13.0 13.2 0.2 59.7 13.0 −46.7
% 57.9 61.6 3.7 53.9 51.7 −2.2 76.8 75.2 −1.6
October °C 15.4 13.9 −1.5 12.3 12.2 −0.1 15.4 15.4 0
mm 41.7 26.9 −14.8 45.4 23.9 −21.5 96.8 21.8 −75
% 63.2 77.0 13.8 61.4 64.5 3.1 78.7 72.0 −6.7
Mean temperature (°C) 19.6 19.1 −0.6 16.4 17.1 0.6 18.2 18.5 0.3
Total precipitation (mm) 258.3 222.2 −36.1 303.6 256.5 −47.1 374.3 222.1 −152.2
Mean relative humidity (%) 58.5 69.9 11.4 56.7 64.4 7.8 76.6 82.2 5.6

Soil analysis results of the locations.

Properties Locations
Evciler Karayaka Gümüşhacıköy Bafra
P2O5 (kg ha−1) 0.51 low 0.62 moderate 0.48 low 0.34 low
K2O (kg ha−1) 16.97 high 17.53 high 15.68 high 13.72 high
Lime (%) 10.2 moderately calcareous 2.39 calcareous 5.17 moderately calcareous 12.73 moderately calcareous
Org. Mat. (%) 95 very low 143 low 2.36 moderate 1.76 low
pH 7.99 slightly alkaline 7.81 slightly alkaline 7.98 slightly alkaline 7.61 slightly alkaline
EC (dS m−1) 0.25 very low 0.13 very low 1.12 very low 0.72 very low
Texture clay loam sandy loam sandy loam sandy loam

Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the sum of chlorogenic acid + rutin amounts of 25 genotypes in four locations.

Genotype Chlorogenic acid (ppm) Rutin (ppm) Chlorogenic acid + rutin (ppm)
Evciler Kara. Güm. Bafra Mean Evciler Kara. Güm. Bafra Mean Evciler Kara. Güm. Bafra Mean
ERB-5 248 ij 534 fg 83 kl 41 j 226.4 638 fk 615 ef 304 ce 144 hj 425.3 886 ij 1149 jl 387 gi 185 kl 651.7
ERB-6 490 a 773 d 164 c 74 gi 375.3 677 dh 857 ab 389 bc 189 ej 528.1 1167 bd 1630 bc 553 bc 263 gk 903.4
ERB-7 483 a 528 fh 75 l 136 cd 305.6 999 a 729 cd 309 ce 293 ac 582.6 1482 a 1256 hj 385 gi 429 bc 888.3
ERB-9 414 bc 385 j 95 j 63 hj 239.3 661 ej 464 h 358 bd 143 hj 406.6 1076 bg 848 o 453 dh 206 il 645.9
ERB-11 394 bd 449 i 109 i 116 df 267.1 1021 a 613 ef 334 be 303 ab 567.9 1415 a 1062 ln 443 eh 419 bd 835.0
ERB-12 343 dg 727 d 75 l 119 df 315.9 544 kl 669 df 249 e 217 dg 419.9 886 ij 1396 eg 324 i 337 eg 735.9
ERB-13 407 bc 531 fh 118 gh 235 a 322.8 694 dh 673 df 375 bd 305 ab 511.8 1101 be 1203 ik 494 bf 539 a 834.6
ERB-14 300 gh 474 gi 112 hi 99 eg 246.5 732 cf 646 df 297 de 230 cf 476.5 1032 eh 1120 km 409 fh 329 eg 723.0
ERB-15 322 eg 532 fg 125 fg 84 gi 265.9 642 fk 669 df 388 bc 253 be 488.1 964 fi 1201 ik 513 be 338 eg 754.1
ERB-16 309 gh 364 j 146 d 140 cd 239.7 647 fj 455 h 421 ab 253 be 444.2 956 gi 819 o 567 b 393 ce 683.9
ERB-17 374 ce 492 gi 185 b 61 ij 278.1 724 cg 597 fg 475 a 166 fj 490.6 1098 bf 1089 km 659 a 227 hk 768.6
ERB-18 367 cf 734 d 153 d 129 ce 345.8 594 hk 596 fg 365 bd 156 gj 427.7 962 gi 1330 fh 517 be 285 gi 773.6
ERB-19 261 hi 932 b 122 fg 94 fh 352.5 459 lm 649 df 331 ce 212 dh 412.9 719 k 1581 cd 453 dh 307 fh 765.4
ERB-21 444 ab 877 bc 204 a 74 gi 399.8 758 be 834 ab 479 a 171 fj 560.7 1203 b 1710 b 683 a 245 hk 960.5
ERB-23 310 gh 721 d 190 b 55 ij 319.3 754 ce 697 ce 487 a 141 ij 519.7 1064 cg 1417 ef 677 a 196 jl 838.9
ERB-25 408 bc 616.4 e 129 ef 158 bc 327.9 573 ik 514 gh 301 ce 295 ac 420.8 981 ei 1130 km 429 eh 454 bc 748.8
ERB-26 366 cf 1120 a 90 jk 130 ce 426.7 674 di 899 a 337 be 213 dh 530.8 1040 dg 2019 a 427 eh 343 dg 957.6
ERB-27 239 ik 857 c 83 kl 175 b 338.7 797 bc 638 df 333 be 308 ab 519.2 1036 dg 1495 de 416 fh 484 ab 857.9
ERB-30 326 eg 338 j 168 c 130 ce 240.6 851 b 780 bc 370 bd 325 a 581.8 1177 bc 1118 km 538 bd 455 bc 822.4
ERB-35 222 ik 180 k 83 kl 142 cd 156.7 565 jk 482 h 293 de 259 ae 399.9 787 jk 662 p 376 hi 401 ce 556.6
ERB-38 331 eg 332 j 171 c 80 gi 228.7 623 gk 643 df 287 de 194 di 436.9 954 gi 975 n 459 dh 274 gj 665.6
Xan.2A 193 k 467 hi 137 e 79 gi 219.2 706 cg 818 ab 291 de 199 di 503.9 899 hj 1286 gi 428 eh 279 gi 723.2
Nail 313 fh 752 d 104 i 54 ij 305.7 641 fk 629 ef 293 de 121 j 420.9 954 gi 1380 fg 397 gi 175 l 726.6
Canik 199 jk 582 ef 149 d 85 gi 253.9 417 m 662 df 343 bd 193 di 403.8 616 l 1244 hj 492 bf 278 gi 657.8
Xan.81 249 ij 386 j 119 gh 118 df 218.2 765 bd 644 df 355 bd 262 ad 506.7 1014 ei 1030 mn 475 cg 381 cf 724.9
Means 332.6 587.4 127.7 106.9 288.7 686.3 658.9 350.7 221.9 479.5 1018.9 1246.4 478.4 328.9 768.2
M. check 238.6 546.9 127.6 84.2 249.3 632.1 688.5 320.7 193.9 458.8 870.7 1235.5 448.2 278.1 708.1
M. lines 350.5 595.2 127.7 111.3 296.2 696.7 653.3 356.4 227.3 483.4 1047.2 1248.5 484.2 338.6 779.6
LSD 0.05 48.35 57.06 7.79 27.67 87.50 83.20 75.16 59.36 115.20 102.40 76.57 70.57
CV (%) 8.85 5.91 3.71 15.75 7.76 7.69 13.05 16.29 6.88 5.01 9.75 13.07
Mean square and significance df
Genotype ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24
20764.6 146546.5 4337.5 5953.5 57835.8 40088.8 11817.3 11189.5 105917.9 266647.8 26430.2 29988.2
Error 867 1208 22.54 284 2840.52 2567 2096 1307 4921 3891 2175 1847 48

Quality grade index and nicotine contents of 25 genotypes in four locations.

Genotypes Quality grade index (%) Nicotine (% DM)
Evciler Karayaka G.Hacıköy Bafra Mean Evciler Karayaka G.Hacıköy Bafra Mean
ERB-5 96.09 ad 74.96 ae 65.05 fi 69.27 a 76.34 0.71 fg 1.81 dh 1.02 bd 0.34 fg 0.97
ERB-6 90.97 ce 75.77 ad 71.75 dg 50.87 ae 72.34 1.02 af 1.28 gh 1.03 bd 0.32 fg 0.91
ERB-7 96.77 ac 79.93 ab 73.07 df 62.36 ac 78.03 1.16 ad 2.02 bg 0.59 hi 0.52 be 1.07
ERB-9 80.06 gh 64.64 bg 43.63 k 39.37 df 56.92 0.87 cg 2.04 bg 0.78 di 0.31 g 1.00
ERB-11 73.20 i 48.92 gh 69.00 eh 39.18 df 57.57 0.88 bg 1.49 fh 0.91 cg 0.46 bg 0.93
ERB-12 96.87 ac 68.19 af 65.13 fi 56.00 ad 71.55 0.82 dg 2.69 ac 0.63 gi 0.61 ac 1.19
ERB-13 98.55 ab 69.60 af 79.93 ad 66.52 ab 78.65 1.32 a 2.59 ad 0.86 ch 0.68 a 1.36
ERB-14 91.77 ce 61.81 cg 58.53 hj 57.65 ad 67.44 1.17 ac 2.58 ad 0.68 fi 0.48 bg 1.23
ERB-15 100.00 a 65.66 bf 88.26 ab 57.10 ad 77.75 0.96 bf 2.30 be 0.92 cg 0.57 ad 1.19
ERB-16 89.22 ef 61.55 cg 76.78 ce 40.47 df 67.01 0.77 eg 1.09 h 1.14 ac 0.41 dg 0.85
ERB-17 85.31 fg 61.30 cg 47.71 k 46.47 be 60.20 1.16 ad 1.69 eh 0.96 cf 0.41 dg 1.06
ERB-18 76.55 hi 61.04 dg 53.04 jk 32.97 ef 55.90 0.83 cg 2.01 cg 1.13 ac 0.47 bg 1.11
ERB-19 90.49 df 83.53 a 87.37 ac 57.41 ad 79.70 0.83 cg 2.07 bf 0.86 ch 0.49 bf 1.06
ERB-21 80.50 gh 65.54 bf 85.38 ac 59.05 ad 72.62 1.05 ae 1.57 eh 0.93 cg 0.36 eg 0.98
ERB-23 95.12 ad 65.72 bf 64.96 fi 67.54 a 73.34 1.14 ad 2.70 ac 0.94 cf 0.40 dg 1.29
ERB-25 76.35 hi 57.89 fg 60.80 hj 44.09 ce 59.78 0.99 fg 1.33 fh 0.92 cg 0.46 bg 0.92
ERB-26 94.35 ae 78.73 ab 57.80 ij 48.99 ae 69.96 0.95 bf 2.52 ad 0.74 di 0.47 bg 1.17
ERB-27 76.07 hi 40.33 h 46.33 k 24.17 f 46.72 0.85 cg 1.53 eh 0.73 di 0.46 bg 0.89
ERB-30 93.33 be 70.14 af 89.89 a 48.87 ae 75.56 1.06 ae 1.51 fh 1.35 a 0.45 bg 1.09
ERB-35 81.44 gh 79.14 ab 85.21 ac 55.77 ad 75.39 0.70 fg 1.99 cg 0.53 i 0.60 ac 0.96
ERB-38 96.65 ac 77.77 ac 84.23 ac 53.72 ad 78.09 1.03 af 2.66 ac 0.86 ch 0.44 cg 1.25
Xanthi 2A 96.84 ac 82.19 a 78.73 be 50.53 ae 77.07 0.99 af 2.81 ab 0.99 be 0.57 ad 1.34
Nail 94.62 ae 68.16 af 62.19 gj 61.33 ac 71.58 1.08 ae 2.58 ad 0.78 di 0.40 dg 1.21
Canik 190–5 94.75 ae 58.94 eg 68.70 eh 59.43 ad 70.45 0.54 g 1.40 fh 1.25 ab 0.42 dg 0.90
Xanthi 81 95.81 ad 79.72 ab 76.68 ce 58.46 ad 77.67 1.22 ab 3.15 a 0.70 ei 0.62 ab 1.42
Mean 89.67 68.05 69.61 52.30 69.91 0.96 2.06 0.89 0.47 1.09
M. checks 95.50 72.26 71.57 57.44 74.19 0.96 2.48 0.93 0.50 1.22
M. lines 88.56 67.25 69.23 51.32 69.09 0.97 1.97 0.88 0.46 1.07
LSD0.05 4.97 13.77 9.30 17.06 0.28 0.66 0.25 0.14
CV (%) 3.37 12.32 8.13 19.87 17.97 19.65 17.14 18.80
Mean square and significance df
Genotype 207.26** 336.07** 564.63** 364.88** 0.10** 0.98** 0.12** 0.03** 24
Error 9.15 70.31 32.09 107.99 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.01 48
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