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Growing Challenges of Lung Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompromised Patients: Epidemiology and Treatment

Weronika Burzyńska

Weronika Burzyńska

Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
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Burzyńska, Weronika
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Marek Fol

Marek Fol

Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
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Fol, Marek
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Magdalena Druszczynska

Magdalena Druszczynska

Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
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Druszczynska, Magdalena
  
14. März 2025
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Artikel-Kategorie: Review
Online veröffentlicht: 14. März 2025
Eingereicht: 28. Okt. 2024
Akzeptiert: 14. Jan. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aite-2025-0005
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© 2025 Weronika Burzyńska et al., published by Sciendo
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Fig 1.

Risk factors contributing to NTM infections. The risk factors for NTM infection can be broadly categorized into environmental exposures, underlying health conditions, lifestyle factors, and certain procedural or occupational hazards. CGD, chronic granulomatous disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GvH, graft versus host; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; NTM, non-tuberculous mycobacteria; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency.
Risk factors contributing to NTM infections. The risk factors for NTM infection can be broadly categorized into environmental exposures, underlying health conditions, lifestyle factors, and certain procedural or occupational hazards. CGD, chronic granulomatous disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GvH, graft versus host; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; NTM, non-tuberculous mycobacteria; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency.

Fig 2.

Immune mechanisms accompanying mycobacterial infection. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MCAF, monocyte chemotactic and activating factor; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Immune mechanisms accompanying mycobacterial infection. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MCAF, monocyte chemotactic and activating factor; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Short characteristics of NTM groups [based on Runyon (1959); Herdman and Steele (2004); Salvana et al_ (2007); Abdalla et al_ (2009); Tortoli (2014); Koh (2017); Tortoli et al_ (2017); Sharma and Upadhyay (2020)]

Classification Growth rate Characteristics Common examples
Group 1 Slow-growing Photochromogenic: Develop pigment when exposed to light. Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum
Group 2 Slow-growing Scotochromogenic: Produce pigment in both light and darkness. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium szulgai, Mycobacterium gordonae
Group 3 Slow-growing Non-photochromogenic: Do not produce pigments. MAC, Mycobacterium ulcerans
Group 4 Fast-growing May or may not produce colored colonies. Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae
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Medizin, Vorklinische Medizin, Grundlagenmedizin, Biochemie, Immunologie, Klinische Medizin, Klinische Medizin, andere, Klinische Chemie
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