Occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene in West Asian countries: a brief review of current state and limits

1Rahimpoor R, Bahrami AR, Ghorbani F, Assari MJ, Negahban AR, Rahimnejad S, Mehdizadegan B. Evaluation of urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds and some related factors in petrochemical industry workers. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2014;24:119–31. Rahimpoor R Bahrami AR Ghorbani F Assari MJ Negahban AR Rahimnejad S Mehdizadegan B Evaluation of urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds and some related factors in petrochemical industry workers J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 201424119 31Search in Google Scholar

2Negahban SAR, Ghorbani Shahna F, Rahimpoor R, Jalali M, Rahiminejad S, Soltanian A, Bahrami A. Evaluating occupational exposure to carcinogenic volatile organic compounds in an oil-dependent chemical industry: a case study on benzen and epichlorohydrin. J Occup Hyg Engin 2014;1(1):36–46. Negahban SAR Ghorbani Shahna F Rahimpoor R Jalali M Rahiminejad S Soltanian A Bahrami A Evaluating occupational exposure to carcinogenic volatile organic compounds in an oil-dependent chemical industry: a case study on benzen and epichlorohydrin J Occup Hyg Engin 20141 1 36 46Search in Google Scholar

3Prüss-Ustün A, Vickers C, Haefliger P, Bertollini R. Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review. Environ Health 2011;10:9. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 Prüss-Ustün A Vickers C Haefliger P Bertollini R Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review Environ Health 2011109 10.1186/1476-069X-10-9303729221255392Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4Heibati B, Godri Pollitt KJ, Charati JY, Ducatman A, Shokrzadeh M, Karimi A, Mohammadyan M. Biomonitoring-based exposure assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene among workers at petroleum distribution facilities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;149:19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.070 Heibati B Godri Pollitt KJ Charati JY Ducatman A Shokrzadeh M Karimi A Mohammadyan M Biomonitoring-based exposure assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene among workers at petroleum distribution facilities Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 201814919 25 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.07029145162Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5Kuranchie FA, Angnunavuri PN, Attiogbe F, Nerquaye-Tetteh EN. Occupational exposure of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) to pump attendants in Ghana: Implications for policy guidance. Cogent Environ Sci 2019;5(1):1603418. doi: 10.1080/23311843.2019.1603418 Kuranchie FA Angnunavuri PN Attiogbe F Nerquaye-Tetteh EN Occupational exposure of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) to pump attendants in Ghana: Implications for policy guidance Cogent Environ Sci 20195 1 1603418 10.1080/23311843.2019.1603418Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6Tunsaringkarn T, Siriwong W, Rungsiyothin A, Nopparatbundit S. Occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds in Bangkok, Thailand. Int J Occup Environ Med 2012;3:117–25. PMID: 23022861 Tunsaringkarn T Siriwong W Rungsiyothin A Nopparatbundit S Occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds in Bangkok, Thailand Int J Occup Environ Med 20123117 25 PMID: 23022861Search in Google Scholar

7Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, AlAwadhi A, Whalen JK. Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds. Atmosph Environ 2020;241:117847. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117847 Al-Harbi M Alhajri I AlAwadhi A Whalen JK Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds Atmosph Environ 2020241117847 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117847Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8Ghanbarian M, Nazmara S, Masinaei M, Ghanbarian M, Mahvi AH. Evaluating the exposure of general population of Tehran with volatile organic compounds (BTEX). Int J Environ Anal Chem 2020:1–11. doi: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1781839 Ghanbarian M Nazmara S Masinaei M Ghanbarian M Mahvi AH Evaluating the exposure of general population of Tehran with volatile organic compounds (BTEX) Int J Environ Anal Chem 20201–11 10.1080/03067319.2020.1781839Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9Hormozi M, Mirzaei R, Nakhaee A, Payandeh A, Izadi S, Haghighi JD, Rahimpoor R. Quantification of urinary metabolites of toluene and xylene isomers as biological indices of occupational exposure in printing industry workers. Health Scope 2019;8(1):e82962. doi: 10.5812/jhealthscope.82962 Hormozi M Mirzaei R Nakhaee A Payandeh A Izadi S Haghighi JD Rahimpoor R Quantification of urinary metabolites of toluene and xylene isomers as biological indices of occupational exposure in printing industry workers Health Scope 20198 1 e82962 10.5812/jhealthscope.82962Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10Jalai A, Ramezani Z, Ebrahim K. Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid is not a reliable biomarker for low-level environmental and occupational benzene exposures. Saf Health Work 2017;8:220–5. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.09.004 Jalai A Ramezani Z Ebrahim K Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid is not a reliable biomarker for low-level environmental and occupational benzene exposures Saf Health Work 20178220 5 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.09.004544741128593080Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11Nazarparvar-Noshadi M, Yadegari M, Mohammadian Y, Fakhri Y. The exposure to BTEX/styrene and their health risk in the tire manu f a ct u r in g. Toxin Rev 2 0 2 2 ; 4 1 : 4 3 7 – 4 5 . do i : 10.1080/15569543.2021.1891937 Nazarparvar-Noshadi M Yadegari M Mohammadian Y Fakhri Y The exposure to BTEX/styrene and their health risk in the tire manu f a ct u r in g Toxin Rev 2 0 2 2 ; 4 1 : 4 3 7 – 4 5 . do i : 10.1080/15569543.2021.1891937Search in Google Scholar

12Neghab M, Hosseinzadeh K, Hassanzadeh J. Early liver and kidney dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to sub-threshold limit value levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in unleaded petrol. Saf Health Work 2015;6:312–6. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.07.008 Neghab M Hosseinzadeh K Hassanzadeh J Early liver and kidney dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to sub-threshold limit value levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in unleaded petrol Saf Health Work 20156312 6 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.07.008468202826929843Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13Chambers D, Reese C, Thornburg L, Sanchez E, Rafson J, Blount B, Ruhl JRE, de Jesús VR. Distinguishing petroleum (crude oil and fuel) from smoke exposure within populations based on the relative blood levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), styrene and 2,5-dimethylfuran by pattern recognition using artificial neural networks. Environ Sci Technol 2018;52:308–16. doi: 10.1021/acs. est.7b05128 Chambers D Reese C Thornburg L Sanchez E Rafson J Blount B Ruhl JRE de Jesús VR Distinguishing petroleum (crude oil and fuel) from smoke exposure within populations based on the relative blood levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), styrene and 2,5-dimethylfuran by pattern recognition using artificial neural networks Environ Sci Technol 201852308 16 10.1021/acs.est.7b05128575009529216422Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14Werder EJ, Beier JI, Sandler DP, Falkner KC, Gripshover T, Wahlang B, Engel LS, Cave MC. Blood BTEXS and heavy metal levels are associated with liver injury and systemic inflammation in Gulf states residents. Food Chem Toxicol 2020;139:111242. doi: 10.1016/j. fct.2020.111242 Werder EJ Beier JI Sandler DP Falkner KC Gripshover T Wahlang B Engel LS Cave MC Blood BTEXS and heavy metal levels are associated with liver injury and systemic inflammation in Gulf states residents Food Chem Toxicol 2020139111242 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111242736839132205228Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15Galer D, Leung H, Sussman R, Trzos R. Scientific and practical considerations for the development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1992;15:291–306. doi: 10.1016/0273-2300(92)90040-g Galer D Leung H Sussman R Trzos R Scientific and practical considerations for the development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical substances Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 199215291 306 10.1016/0273-2300(92)90040-gOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

16Rappaport SM. Threshold limit values, permissible exposure limits, and feasibility: the bases for exposure limits in the United States. Am J Ind Med 1993;23:683–94. doi: 10.1002/ajim.4700230502 Rappaport SM Threshold limit values, permissible exposure limits, and feasibility: the bases for exposure limits in the United States Am J Ind Med 199323683 94 10.1002/ajim.47002305028506846Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17Hansson SO. Setting the Limit: Occupational Health Standards and the Limits of Science. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 1998. Hansson SO Setting the Limit: Occupational Health Standards and the Limits of Science New York (NY) Oxford University Press; 1998Search in Google Scholar

18Deveau M, Chen C, Johanson G, Krewski D, Maier A, Niven K, Ripple S, Schulte PA, Silk J, Urbanus JH, Zalk DM, Niemeier RW. The global landscape of occupational exposure limits-Implementation of harmonization principles to guide limit selection. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015;12(Suppl 1):S127–44. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060327 Deveau M Chen C Johanson G Krewski D Maier A Niven K Ripple S Schulte PA Silk J Urbanus JH Zalk DM Niemeier RW The global landscape of occupational exposure limits-Implementation of harmonization principles to guide limit selection J Occup Environ Hyg 201512 Suppl 1 S127 44 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060327465463926099071Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19Schenk L, Hansson SO, Rudén C, Gilek M. Occupational exposure limits: A comparative study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008;50:261–70. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.12.004 Schenk L Hansson SO Rudén C Gilek M Occupational exposure limits: A comparative study Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 200850261 70 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.12.00418226844Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20REGULATION (EC) No 1907/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 December 2006 [displayed 3 June 2022]. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006R1907&from=EN REGULATION (EC) No 1907/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 December 2006 [displayed 3 June 2022] Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006R1907&from=ENSearch in Google Scholar

21STROBE Statement - checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies [displayed 3 June 2022]. Available at https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/STROBE_checklist_v4_combined.pdf STROBE Statement - checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies [displayed 3 June 2022] Available at https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/STROBE_checklist_v4_combined.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

22CEN -EN 689:2018+AC:2019. Workplace exposure-measurement of exposure by inhalation to chemical agents-strategy for testing compliance with occupational exposure limit values [displayed 3 June 2022]. Available at https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/4e4b7b42-9785-4c48-a8c5-16cad508ff9a/en-689-2018ac-2019 CEN -EN 689:2018+AC:2019 Workplace exposure-measurement of exposure by inhalation to chemical agents-strategy for testing compliance with occupational exposure limit values [displayed 3 June 2022] Available at https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/4e4b7b42-9785-4c48-a8c5-16cad508ff9a/en-689-2018ac-2019Search in Google Scholar

23British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOSH). Testing Compliance with Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Substances. Derby: BOSH; 2011. British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOSH) Testing Compliance with Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Substances Derby BOSH 2011Search in Google Scholar

24Alabdulhadi A, Ramadan A, Devey P, Boggess M, Guest M. Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry. J Air Was t e M a n a g e A s so c 2 0 1 9 ; 6 9 : 1 1 4 2 – 6 9 . do i : 10.1080/10962247.2019.1629355 Alabdulhadi A Ramadan A Devey P Boggess M Guest M Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry J Air Was t e M a n a g e A s so c 2 0 1 9 ; 6 9 : 1 1 4 2 – 6 9 . do i : 10.1080/10962247.2019.162935510.1080/10962247.2019.162935531184550Search in Google Scholar

25Alfoldy B, Mahfouz MMK, Yigiterhan O, Safi MA, Elnaiem AE, Giamberini S. BTEX, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and ozone concentrations at traffic influenced and background urban sites in an arid environment. Atmos Pollut Res 2019;10:445–54. doi: 10.1016/j. apr.2018.08.009 Alfoldy B Mahfouz MMK Yigiterhan O Safi MA Elnaiem AE Giamberini S BTEX, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and ozone concentrations at traffic influenced and background urban sites in an arid environment Atmos Pollut Res 201910445 54 10.1016/j.apr.2018.08.009Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26Azari MR, Hosseini V, Jafari MJ, Soori H, Asadi P, Mousavion SMA. Evaluation of occupational exposure of shoe makers to benzene and toluene compounds in shoe manufacturing workshops in East Tehran. Tanaffos 2012;11:43–9. PMCID: PMC4153221 Azari MR Hosseini V Jafari MJ Soori H Asadi P Mousavion SMA Evaluation of occupational exposure of shoe makers to benzene and toluene compounds in shoe manufacturing workshops in East Tehran Tanaffos 20121143 9 PMCID: PMC4153221Search in Google Scholar

27Baghani AN, Rostami R, Arfaeinia H, Hazrati S, Fazlzadeh M, Delikhoon M. BTEX in indoor air of beauty salons: Risk assessment, levels and factors influencing their concentrations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;159:102–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.044 Baghani AN Rostami R Arfaeinia H Hazrati S Fazlzadeh M Delikhoon M BTEX in indoor air of beauty salons: Risk assessment, levels and factors influencing their concentrations Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018159102 8 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.04429730403Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28Baghani AN, Sorooshian A, Heydari M, Sheikhi R, Golbaz S, Ashournejad Q, Kermani M, Golkhorshidi F, Barkhordari A, Jafari AJ, Delikhoon M, Shahsavani A. A case study of BTEX characteristics and health effects by major point sources of pollution during winter in Iran. Environ Pollut 2019;247:607–17. doi: 10.1016/j. envpol.2019.01.070 Baghani AN Sorooshian A Heydari M Sheikhi R Golbaz S Ashournejad Q Kermani M Golkhorshidi F Barkhordari A Jafari AJ Delikhoon M Shahsavani A A case study of BTEX characteristics and health effects by major point sources of pollution during winter in Iran Environ Pollut 2019247607 17 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.07030711816Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29Bahrami AR, Jafari AJ, Ahmadi H, Mahjub H. Comparison of benzene exposure in drivers and petrol stations workers by urinary trans, transmuconic acid in west of Iran. Ind Health 2007;45:396–401. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.45.396 Bahrami AR Jafari AJ Ahmadi H Mahjub H Comparison of benzene exposure in drivers and petrol stations workers by urinary trans, transmuconic acid in west of Iran Ind Health 200745396 401 10.2486/indhealth.45.39617634688Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30Bakhtiari R, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Rastkari N, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Ghaderpoori A. Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle’s age, model, fuel, and refueling. Environ Pollut 2018;237:348–55. doi: 10.1016/j. envpol.2018.02.063 Bakhtiari R Hadei M Hopke PK Shahsavani A Rastkari N Kermani M Yarahmadi M Ghaderpoori A Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle’s age, model, fuel, and refueling Environ Pollut 2018237348 55 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.06329501015Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31Bakollu M, Karademir A, Ayberk S. An Evaluation of the occupational health risks to workers in a hazardous waste incinerator. J Occup Health 2004;46:156–64. doi: 10.1539/joh.46.156 Bakollu M Karademir A Ayberk S An Evaluation of the occupational health risks to workers in a hazardous waste incinerator J Occup Health 200446156 64 10.1539/joh.46.15615090692Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32Dehghani F, Omidi F, Heravizadeh O, Barati Chamgordani S, Gharibi V, Sotoudeh Manesh A. Occupational health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds emitted from the coke production unit of a steel plant. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2020;26:227–32. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1443593 Dehghani F Omidi F Heravizadeh O Barati Chamgordani S Gharibi V Sotoudeh Manesh A Occupational health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds emitted from the coke production unit of a steel plant Int J Occup Saf Ergon 202026227 32 10.1080/10803548.2018.144359329465294Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33El-Hashemy MA, Ali HM. Characterization of BTEX group of VOCs and inhalation risks in indoor microenvironments at small enterprises. Sci Total Environ 2018;645:974–83. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.157 El-Hashemy MA Ali HM Characterization of BTEX group of VOCs and inhalation risks in indoor microenvironments at small enterprises Sci Total Environ 2018645974 83 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.15730248884Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34Farshad A, Gholami H, Farzadkia M, Mirkazemi R, Kermani M. The safety of non-incineration waste disposal devices in four hospitals of Tehran. Int J Occup Environ Health 2014;20:258–63. doi: 10.1179/2049396714Y.0000000072 Farshad A Gholami H Farzadkia M Mirkazemi R Kermani M The safety of non-incineration waste disposal devices in four hospitals of Tehran Int J Occup Environ Health 201420258 63 10.1179/2049396714Y.0000000072409088125000113Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35Golbabaei F, Dehghani F, Saatchi M, Zakerian SA. Evaluation of occupational exposure to different levels of mixed organic solvents and cognitive function in the painting unit of an automotive industry. Health Promot Perspect 2018;8:296–302. doi: 10.15171/hpp.2018.42 Golbabaei F Dehghani F Saatchi M Zakerian SA Evaluation of occupational exposure to different levels of mixed organic solvents and cognitive function in the painting unit of an automotive industry Health Promot Perspect 20188296 302 10.15171/hpp.2018.42624949030479984Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36Golkhorshidi F, Sorooshian A, Jafari AJ, Baghani AN, Kermani M, Kalantary RR, Ashournej Q, Delikhoon M. On the nature and health impacts of BTEX in a populated middle eastern city: Tehran, Iran. Atmos Pollut Res 2019;10:921–30. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2018.12.020 Golkhorshidi F Sorooshian A Jafari AJ Baghani AN Kermani M Kalantary RR Ashournej Q Delikhoon M On the nature and health impacts of BTEX in a populated middle eastern city: Tehran, Iran Atmos Pollut Res 201910921 30 10.1016/j.apr.2018.12.020Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Moradi M, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, Rastkari N. Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018;13(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x Hadei M Hopke PK Shahsavani A Moradi M Yarahmadi M Emam B Rastkari N Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment J Occup Med Toxicol 201813 1 30 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x616138530275872Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38Harati B, Shahtaheri SJ, Karimi A, Azam K, Ahmadi A, Afzali Rad M, Harati A. Evaluation of respiratory symptoms among workers in an automobile manufacturing factory, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2018;47:237–45. PMCID: PMC5810387 Harati B Shahtaheri SJ Karimi A Azam K Ahmadi A Afzali Rad M Harati A Evaluation of respiratory symptoms among workers in an automobile manufacturing factory, Iran Iran J Public Health 201847237 45 PMCID: PMC5810387Search in Google Scholar

39Harati B, Shahtaheri SJ, Yousefi HA, Harati A, Askari A, Abdolmohamadi N. Cancer risk assessment for workers exposed to pollution source, a petrochemical company, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2020;49:1330–8. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3587 Harati B Shahtaheri SJ Yousefi HA Harati A Askari A Abdolmohamadi N Cancer risk assessment for workers exposed to pollution source, a petrochemical company, Iran Iran J Public Health 2020491330 8 10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3587754847733083300Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40Hosseini SY, Azari MR, Zendehdel R, Souri H, Rahimian RT. Feasibility the biological monitoring of workers exposed to benzene and toluene via measuring the parent compounds in the exhaled breath. Health Scope 2015;4(3):e25774. doi: 10.17795/jhealthscope-25774 Hosseini SY Azari MR Zendehdel R Souri H Rahimian RT Feasibility the biological monitoring of workers exposed to benzene and toluene via measuring the parent compounds in the exhaled breath Health Scope 20154 3 e25774 10.17795/jhealthscope-25774Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41Javadi I, Mohammadian Y, Elyasi S. Occupational exposure of shahindej county refueling stations workers to BTEX compounds, in 2016. J Res Environ Health 2017;3:74–83. Javadi I Mohammadian Y Elyasi S Occupational exposure of shahindej county refueling stations workers to BTEX compounds, in 2016 J Res Environ Health 2017374 83Search in Google Scholar

42Karbasi A, Khoramnezhadian S, Asemi Zavareh SR, Pejman Sani G. Urinary and air biomonitoring of occupational exposure to benzene in oil pit workers. Human Ecol Risk Assess 2020;26:430–42. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2018.1513318 Karbasi A Khoramnezhadian S Asemi Zavareh SR Pejman Sani G Urinary and air biomonitoring of occupational exposure to benzene in oil pit workers Human Ecol Risk Assess 202026430 42 10.1080/10807039.2018.1513318Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43Maghsodi Moghadam R, Bahrami A, Ghorbani F, Mahjob H, Malaki D. Investigation of qualitative and quantitative of volatile organic compounds of ambient air in the Mahshahr petrochemical complex in 2009. J Res Health Sci 2013;13:69–74. PMID: 23772018 Maghsodi Moghadam R Bahrami A Ghorbani F Mahjob H Malaki D Investigation of qualitative and quantitative of volatile organic compounds of ambient air in the Mahshahr petrochemical complex in 2009 J Res Health Sci 20131369 74 PMID: 23772018Search in Google Scholar

44Mohamadyan M, Moosazadeh M, Borji A, Khanjani N, Moghadam SR. Occupational exposure to styrene and its relation with urine mandelic acid, in plastic injection workers. Environ Monit Assess 2019;191(2):62. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7191-z Mohamadyan M Moosazadeh M Borji A Khanjani N Moghadam SR Occupational exposure to styrene and its relation with urine mandelic acid, in plastic injection workers Environ Monit Assess 2019191 2 62 10.1007/s10661-019-7191-z30635735Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45Mohammadyan M, Baharfar Y. Control of workers’ exposure to xylene in a pesticide production factory. Int J Occup Environ Health 2015;21:121–6. doi: 10.1179/2049396714Y.0000000098 Mohammadyan M Baharfar Y Control of workers’ exposure to xylene in a pesticide production factory Int J Occup Environ Health 201521121 6 10.1179/2049396714Y.0000000098445712025487643Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46Mohammadyan M, Moosazadeh M, Borji A, Khanjani N, Rahimi Moghadam S, Behjati Moghadam AM. Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to styrene in Neyshabur electronic industries. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019;26:11920–7. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04582-8 Mohammadyan M Moosazadeh M Borji A Khanjani N Rahimi Moghadam S Behjati Moghadam AM Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to styrene in Neyshabur electronic industries Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20192611920 7 10.1007/s11356-019-04582-830825126Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47Moradi M, Hopke P, Hadei M, Eslami A, Rastkari N, Naghdali Z, Kermani M, Emam B, Farhadi M, Shahsavani A. Exposure to BTEX in beauty salons: biomonitoring, urinary excretion, clinical symptoms, and health risk assessments. Environ Monit Assess 2019;191(5):286. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7455-7 Moradi M Hopke P Hadei M Eslami A Rastkari N Naghdali Z Kermani M Emam B Farhadi M Shahsavani A Exposure to BTEX in beauty salons: biomonitoring, urinary excretion, clinical symptoms, and health risk assessments Environ Monit Assess 2019191 5 286 10.1007/s10661-019-7455-730997562Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48Moradpour Z, Ghorbani Shahna F, Bahrami A, Soltanian A, Hesam G. Evaluation of volatile organic compounds at petrochemical complexes in Iran. Health Scope 2017;6(4):e62595. doi: 10.5812/ jhealthscope.62595 Moradpour Z Ghorbani Shahna F Bahrami A Soltanian A Hesam G Evaluation of volatile organic compounds at petrochemical complexes in Iran Health Scope 20176 4 e62595 10.5812/jhealthscope.62595Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49Moshiran VA, Karimi A, Golbabaei F, Yarandi MS, Sajedian AA, Koozekonan AG. Quantitative and semiquantitative health risk assessment of occupational exposure to styrene in a petrochemical industry. Saf Health Work 2021;12:396–402. doi: 10.1016/j. shaw.2021.01.009 Moshiran VA Karimi A Golbabaei F Yarandi MS Sajedian AA Koozekonan AG Quantitative and semiquantitative health risk assessment of occupational exposure to styrene in a petrochemical industry Saf Health Work 202112396 402 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.009843043634527402Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

50Moslem AR, Rezaei H, Yektay S, Miri M. Comparing BTEX concentration related to surgical smoke in different operating rooms. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020;203:111027. doi: 10.1016/j. ecoenv.2020.111027 Moslem AR Rezaei H Yektay S Miri M Comparing BTEX concentration related to surgical smoke in different operating rooms Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020203111027 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.11102732888595Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

51Nabizadeh R, Sorooshian A, Delikhoon M, Baghani AN, Golbaz S, Aghaei M, Barkhordari A. Characteristics and health effects of volatile organic compound emissions during paper and cardboard recycling. Sustain Cities Soc 2020;56:102005. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.102005 Nabizadeh R Sorooshian A Delikhoon M Baghani AN Golbaz S Aghaei M Barkhordari A Characteristics and health effects of volatile organic compound emissions during paper and cardboard recycling Sustain Cities Soc 202056102005 10.1016/j.scs.2019.102005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

52Nassiri P, Golbabai F. Assessment of workers’ exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons in a paint industry. Ind Health 1999;37:469–73. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.37.469 Nassiri P Golbabai F Assessment of workers’ exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons in a paint industry Ind Health 199937469 73 10.2486/indhealth.37.46910547964Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

53Omidi F, Dehghani F, Fallahzadeh RA, Miri M, Taghavi M, Eynipour A. Probabilistic risk assessment of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds in the rendering plant of a poultry slaughterhouse. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019;176:132–6. doi: 10.1016/j. ecoenv.2019.03.079 Omidi F Dehghani F Fallahzadeh RA Miri M Taghavi M Eynipour A Probabilistic risk assessment of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds in the rendering plant of a poultry slaughterhouse Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019176132 6 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.07930925329Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

54Partovi E, Fathi M, Assari MJ, Esmaeili R, Pourmohamadi A, Rahimpour R. Risk assessment of occupational exposure to BTEX in the National Oil Distribution Company in Iran. Chronic Dis J 2018;4:48–55. doi: 10.22122/cdj.v4i2.223 Partovi E Fathi M Assari MJ Esmaeili R Pourmohamadi A Rahimpour R Risk assessment of occupational exposure to BTEX in the National Oil Distribution Company in Iran Chronic Dis J 2018448 55 10.22122/cdj.v4i2.223Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

55Rahimpour R, Farhadi S, Jalali M. Lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient of BTXs compounds in Iranian petrochemical and petroleum depot workers. Iranian J Health Saf Environ 2018;5:982–90. Rahimpour R Farhadi S Jalali M Lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient of BTXs compounds in Iranian petrochemical and petroleum depot workers Iranian J Health Saf Environ 20185982 90Search in Google Scholar

56Ramadan A. Air quality assessment in Southern Kuwait using diffusive passive samplers. Environ Monit Assess 2010;160:413–23. doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0705-8 Ramadan A Air quality assessment in Southern Kuwait using diffusive passive samplers Environ Monit Assess 2010160413 23 10.1007/s10661-008-0705-819184496Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

57Rashnuodi P, Dehaghi BF, Rangkooy HA, Amiri A, Poor SM. Evaluation of airborne exposure to volatile organic compounds of benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene and its relationship to biological contact index in the workers of a petrochemical plant in the west of Iran. Environ Monit Assess 2021;193(2):94. doi: 10.1007/ s10661-021-08878-6 Rashnuodi P Dehaghi BF Rangkooy HA Amiri A Poor SM Evaluation of airborne exposure to volatile organic compounds of benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene and its relationship to biological contact index in the workers of a petrochemical plant in the west of Iran Environ Monit Assess 2021193 2 94 10.1007/s10661-021-08878-633507416Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

58Rezazadeh Azari M, Naghavi Konjin Z, Zayeri F, Salehpour S, Seyedi MD. Occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers to BTEX compounds. Int J Occup Environ Med 2012;3:39–44. PMID: 23022850 Rezazadeh Azari M Naghavi Konjin Z Zayeri F Salehpour S Seyedi MD Occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers to BTEX compounds Int J Occup Environ Med 2012339 44 PMID: 23022850Search in Google Scholar

59Rostami R, Fazlzadeh M, Babaei-Pouya A, Abazari M, Rastgho L, Ghasemi R, Saranjam B. Exposure to BTEX concentration and the related health risk assessment in printing and copying centers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2021;28:31195–206. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12873-2 Rostami R Fazlzadeh M Babaei-Pouya A Abazari M Rastgho L Ghasemi R Saranjam B Exposure to BTEX concentration and the related health risk assessment in printing and copying centers Environ Sci Pollut Res 20212831195 206 10.1007/s11356-021-12873-233598835Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

60Salama KF, Omar EOM, Zafar M. Assessment of BTX concentration around fuel station in Eastern Province Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020;24:163–7. doi: 10.4103/ijoem. IJOEM_157_19 Salama KF Omar EOM Zafar M Assessment of BTX concentration around fuel station in Eastern Province Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Indian J Occup Environ Med 202024163 7 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_157_19796250433746429Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

61Salehpour S, Amani R, Nili-Ahmadabadi A. Volatile organic compounds as a preventive health challenge in the petrochemical industries. Int J Prevent Med 2019;10:194. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm. IJPVM_495_18 Salehpour S Amani R Nili-Ahmadabadi A Volatile organic compounds as a preventive health challenge in the petrochemical industries Int J Prevent Med 201910194 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_495_18686864631772726Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

62Sarkhosh M, Mahvi AH, Zare MR, Fakhri Y, Shamsolahi HR. Indoor contaminants from Hardcopy Devices: Characteristics of VOCs in photocopy centers. Atmos Environ 2012;63:307–12. doi: 10.1016/j. atmosenv.2012.09.058 Sarkhosh M Mahvi AH Zare MR Fakhri Y Shamsolahi HR Indoor contaminants from Hardcopy Devices: Characteristics of VOCs in photocopy centers Atmos Environ 201263307 12 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.058Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

63Shanh FG, Rahimnejad S, Bahrami A, Farhadian M. Risk assessment of workers’ exposure to volatile organic compounds in the air of a petrochemical complex in Iran. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2017;21:121–7. doi: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_86_17 Shanh FG Rahimnejad S Bahrami A Farhadian M Risk assessment of workers’ exposure to volatile organic compounds in the air of a petrochemical complex in Iran Indian J Occup Environ Med 201721121 7 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_86_17586808629618911Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

64Yaghmaien K, Hadei M, Hopke P, Gharibzadeh S, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, Shahsavani A. Comparative health risk assessment of BTEX exposures from landfills, composting units, and leachate treatment plants. Air Quality Atmos Health 2019;12:443–51. doi: 10.1007/s11869-019-00669-w Yaghmaien K Hadei M Hopke P Gharibzadeh S Kermani M Yarahmadi M Emam B Shahsavani A Comparative health risk assessment of BTEX exposures from landfills, composting units, and leachate treatment plants Air Quality Atmos Health 201912443 51 10.1007/s11869-019-00669-wOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

65Zoleikha S, Mirzaei R, Roksana M. Exposure to chemical hazards in petrol pumps stations in Ahvaz City, Iran. Arch Environ Occup Health 2017;72:3–9. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2015.1058233 Zoleikha S Mirzaei R Roksana M Exposure to chemical hazards in petrol pumps stations in Ahvaz City, Iran Arch Environ Occup Health 2017723 9 10.1080/19338244.2015.105823326076392Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

66Lahn G, Stevens P, Preston F. Saving oil and gas in the gulf: A Chatham House Report, 2013 [displayed 6 June 2022]. Available at https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy%2C%20Environment%20and%20Development/0813r_gulfoilandgas.pdf Lahn G Stevens P Preston F Saving oil and gas in the gulf: A Chatham House Report, 2013 [displayed 6 June 2022] Available at https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy%2C%20Environment%20and%20Development/0813r_gulfoilandgas.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

67Charfeddine L, Barkat K. Short- and long-run asymmetric effect of oil prices and oil and gas revenues on the real GDP and economic diversification in oil-dependent economy. Energy Econ 2020;86:104680. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104680 Charfeddine L Barkat K Short- and long-run asymmetric effect of oil prices and oil and gas revenues on the real GDP and economic diversification in oil-dependent economy Energy Econ 202086104680 10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104680Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

68International Labour Organization (ILO). Promoting Cooperation for Safe Migration and Decent Work. Dhaka: ILO Country Office for Bangladesh; 2014. International Labour Organization (ILO) Promoting Cooperation for Safe Migration and Decent Work Dhaka ILO Country Office for Bangladesh; 2014Search in Google Scholar

69Buqammaz M, Gasana J, Alahmad B, Shebl M, Albloushi D. Occupational noise-induced hearing loss among migrant workers in Kuwait. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(10):5295. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105295 Buqammaz M Gasana J Alahmad B Shebl M Albloushi D Occupational noise-induced hearing loss among migrant workers in Kuwait Int J Environ Res Public Health 202118 10 5295 10.3390/ijerph18105295815604334065730Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

70Low WY, Tong WT, Binns C. Migrant workers in Asia Pacific and their rights to health. Asia Pac J Public Health 2015;27:584–7. doi: 10.1177/1010539515600007 Low WY Tong WT Binns C Migrant workers in Asia Pacific and their rights to health Asia Pac J Public Health 201527584 7 10.1177/101053951560000726294710Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

71Moyce SC, Schenker M. Migrant workers and their occupational health and safety. Annu Rev Public Health 2018;39:351–65. doi: 10.1146/ annurev-publhealth-040617-013714 Moyce SC Schenker M Migrant workers and their occupational health and safety Annu Rev Public Health 201839351 65 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-01371429400993Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

72Khaled SM, Gray R. Depression in migrant workers and nationals of Qatar: An exploratory cross-cultural study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2019;65:354–67. doi: 10.1177/0020764019850589 Khaled SM Gray R Depression in migrant workers and nationals of Qatar: An exploratory cross-cultural study Int J Soc Psychiatry 201965354 67 10.1177/0020764019850589665161531130042Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

73Capleton AC, Levy LS. An overview of occupational benzene exposures and occupational exposure limits in Europe and North America. Chem Biol Interact 2005;153:43–53. doi: 10.1016/j. cbi.2005.03.007 Capleton AC Levy LS An overview of occupational benzene exposures and occupational exposure limits in Europe and North America Chem Biol Interact 200515343 53 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.00715935799Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

74Neumeier G. Occupational Exposure Limits: Criteria Document for Benzene. Berlin: Federal Environmental Agency; 1993. Neumeier G Occupational Exposure Limits: Criteria Document for Benzene Berlin Federal Environmental Agency 1993Search in Google Scholar

75Paustenbach DJ, Cowan DM, Sahmel J. The history and biological basis of occupational exposure limits for chemical agents. In: Patty’s industrial hygiene. New York: Wiley; 2000. p. 1903–2000. Paustenbach DJ Cowan DM Sahmel J The history and biological basis of occupational exposure limits for chemical agents. In: Patty’s industrial hygiene New York Wiley 2000 p 1903–200010.1002/0471435139.hyg041Search in Google Scholar

76Skowroń J, Czerczak S. Rules and recent trends for setting health-based occupational exposure limits for chemicals. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2015;28:243–52. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00243 Skowroń J Czerczak S Rules and recent trends for setting health-based occupational exposure limits for chemicals Int J Occup Med Environ Health 201528243 52 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.0024326182920Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

77Topping M. Occupational exposure limits for chemicals. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:138–44. doi: 10.1136/oem.58.2.138 Topping M Occupational exposure limits for chemicals Occup Environ Med 200158138 44 10.1136/oem.58.2.138174009911160994Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

78Schenk L, Rudén C, Gilek M, Hansson SO. Occupational exposure limits: A comparative study of the levels today and development during the past 10 years. Toxicol Lett 2007;172(Supplement):S123-S4. Schenk L Rudén C Gilek M Hansson SO Occupational exposure limits: A comparative study of the levels today and development during the past 10 years Toxicol Lett 2007172 Supplement S123 S410.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.327Search in Google Scholar

79Schenk L. Comparison of data used for setting occupational exposure limits. Int J Occup Environ Health 2010;16:249–62. doi: 10.1179/107735210799160255 Schenk L Comparison of data used for setting occupational exposure limits Int J Occup Environ Health 201016249 62 10.1179/10773521079916025520662417Open DOISearch in Google Scholar