Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||
Workplace | No | 71 | 20 | ||
% | 86.60% | 76.90% | |||
Yes | 11 | 6 | |||
% | 13.40% | 23.10% | |||
Parents’ home | No | 70 | 11 | χ2(1) = 19.52 |
|
% | 85.40% | 42.30% | |||
Yes | 12 | 15 | |||
% | 14.60% | 57.70% | |||
At friends | No | 69 | 16 | χ2(1) = 6.02 |
|
% | 84.10% | 61.50% | |||
Yes | 13 | 10 | |||
% | 15.90% | 38.50% | |||
Other | No | 72 | 25 | ||
% | 87.80% | 96.20% | |||
Yes | 10 | 1 | |||
% | 12.20% | 3.80% |
Age | Residence | Education | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–30 | 31–38 | Rural areas | City | Vocational | Secondary | Higher |
109 | 14 | 45 | 78 | 33 | 50 | 40 |
89% | 11% | 36% | 64% | 27% | 41% | 32% |
Cotinine level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higher in cord blood | Higher in mother's blood | Same (75 pg/ml) | |||
Smoking during pregnancy | No | N | 8 | 5 | 16 |
% | 34.80% | 21.70% | 61.50% | ||
Yes | N | 15 | 18 | 10 | |
% | 65.20%* | 78.30% | 38.50% | ||
χ2(2) = 6.83; p = 0.033; V = 0.31 | |||||
Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy | No | N | 8 | 12 | 20 |
% | 34.80% | 50.00% | 76.90% | ||
Yes | N | 15 | 12 | 6 | |
% | 65.20%* | 50.00% | 23.10% | ||
χ2(2) = 9.08; p = 0.011; V=0.35 |
Smoking while pregnant | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 97) | Yes (n = 26) | |||||||
M | SD | M | SD | U | Z | p | r | |
Cotinine - mother's blood [ng/mL] | 3.41 | 16.20 | 51.42 | 53.82 | 174.0 | −6.35 | ≤0.001 | 0.62 |
Cotinine - cord blood [ng/mL] | 2.72 | 12.10 | 48.70 | 54.66 | 187.0 | −6.28 | ≤0.001 | 0.61 |
Smoking parents in a group of 97 pregnant non-smokers | Smoking parents among 26 pregnant smokers | Total - 123 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Father | 35 | 36 | 5 | 19 | 40 | 33 |
Mother | 8 | 8 | 5 | 19 | 13 | 10 |
Both parents | 29 | 30 | 8 | 31 | 37 | 30 |
Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||
Husband who is a smoker | No | 66 | 8 | χ2(1) = 22.62 |
|
% | 80.50% | 30.80% | |||
Yes | 16 | 18 | |||
% | 19.50% | 69.20% | |||
Parents who are smokers | No | 56 | 11 | χ2(1) = 5.66 |
|
% | 68.30% | 42.30% | |||
Yes | 26 | 15 | |||
% | 31.70% | 57.70% | |||
Grandparents who are smokers | No | 77 | 23 | ||
% | 93.90% | 88.50% | |||
Yes | 5 | 3 | |||
% | 6.10% | 11.50% | |||
Friends who are smokers | No | 55 | 12 | χ2(1) = 3.67 |
Husband who is a smoker | No (n = 48) | Yes (n = 56) | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | U | Z | p | r | |
Cotinine - mother's blood [ng/mL] | 6.65 | 19.16 | 32.77 | 53.39 | 614.0 | −4.10 | ≤0.001 | 0.40 |
Cotinine - cord blood [ng/mL] | 6.90 | 19.08 | 28.71 | 51.87 | 599.5 | −4.22 | ≤0.001 | 0.41 |
Grandparents who are smokers | No (n = 96) | Yes (n = 8) | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | U | Z | p | r | |
Cotinine - mother's blood [ng/mL] | 14.42 | 36.08 | 27.73 | 42.71 | 266.0 | −1.44 | 0.149 | 0.14 |
Cotinine - cord blood [ng/mL] | 13.10 | 34.06 | 27.91 | 47.02 | 253.0 | −1.61 | 0.107 | 0.16 |
Friends who are smokers | No (n = 45) | Yes (n = 27) | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | U | Z | p | r | |
Cotinine - mother's blood [ng/mL] | 16.14 | 40.64 | 14.36 | 29.68 | 984.5 | −2.05 | 0.041 | 0.20 |
Cotinine - cord blood [ng/mL] | 14.92 | 39.18 | 13.20 | 28.30 | 972.5 | −2.14 | 0.032 | 0.21 |