This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
E. A. Salsitz, Chronic pain, chronic opioid addiction: a complex nexus, J. Med. Toxicol.12(1) (2016) 54–57; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-015-0521-9Search in Google Scholar
A. Schuchat, G. P. Guy, Jr. and D. Dowell, Prescription drug monitoring programs and opioid death rates-reply, JAMA318(20) (2017) Article ID 2045; https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.16304Search in Google Scholar
R. Lumish, J. K. Goga and N. J. Brandt, Optimizing pain management through opioid deprescribing, J. Geront. Nurs.44(1) (2018) 9–14; https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20171213-04Search in Google Scholar
A. Owusu Obeng, I. Hamadeh and M. Smith, Review of opioid pharmacogenetics and considerations for pain management, Pharmacotherapy37(9) (2017) 1105–1121; https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1986Search in Google Scholar
B. S. Haerian and M. S. Haerian, OPRM1 rs1799971 polymorphism and opioid dependence: evidence from a meta-analysis, Pharmacogenomics14(7) (2013) 813–824; https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs.13.57Search in Google Scholar
J. Muriel, C. Margarit, J. Barrachina, P. Ballester, A. Flor, D. Morales, J. F. Horga, E. Fernández and A. M. Peiró, Pharmacogenetics and prediction of adverse events in prescription opioid use disorder patients, Basic Clin. Pharmacol Toxicol.124(4) (2019) 439–448; https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13155Search in Google Scholar
G. Ruano and J. A. Kost, Fundamental considerations for genetically-guided pain management with opioids based on CYP2D6 and OPRM1 polymorphisms, Pain Phys.21(6) (2018) E611–E621.Search in Google Scholar
V. Haufroid and P. Hantson, CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and their relevance for poisoning due to amfetamines, opioid analgesics and antidepressants, Clin Toxicol. (Philadelphia) 53(6) (2015) 501–510; https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1049355Search in Google Scholar
K. R. Crews, A. A. Monte, R. Huddart, K. E. Caudle, E. D. Kharasch, A. Gaedigk, H. M. Dunnenberger, J. S. Leeder, J. T. Callaghan, C. F. Samer, T. E. Klein, C. E. Haidar, S. L. Van Driest, G. Ruano, K. Sangkuhl, L. H. Cavallari, D. J. Müller, C. A. Prows, M. Nagy, A. A. Somogyi and T. C. Skaar, Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotypes and select opioid therapy, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.110(4) (2021) 888–896; https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2149Search in Google Scholar
M. Matic, S. N. de Wildt, D. Tibboel and R. H. N. van Schaik, Analgesia and opioids: A pharmacogenetics shortlist for implementation in clinical practice, Clin. Chem.63(7) (2017) 1204–1213; https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.264986Search in Google Scholar
B. Planelles, C. Margarit, M. D. Inda, P. Ballester, J. Muriel, J. Barrachina, R. Ajo, M. D. Esteban and A. M. Peiró, Gender based differences, pharmacogenetics and adverse events in chronic pain management, Pharmacogen. J.20(2) (2020) 320–328; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-019-0118-9Search in Google Scholar
K. Goodyear, C. L. Haass-Koffler and D. Chavanne, Opioid use and stigma: The role of gender, language and precipitating events, Drug Alc. Depen.185 (2018) 339–346; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.037Search in Google Scholar
M.-T. Ruiz-Cantero, M. Blasco-Blasco, E. Chilet-Rosell and A. M. Peiró, Gender bias in therapeutic effort: from research to health care, Farm. Hospital44 (2020) 109–113.Search in Google Scholar
S. S. Asl, A. Roointan, H. Bergen, S. Amiri, P. Mardani, N. Ashtari, R. Shabani and M. Mehdizadeh, Opioid receptors gene polymorphism and heroin dependence in Iran, Basic Clin. Neurosci.9(2) (2018) 101–106; https://doi.org/10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.101Search in Google Scholar
P. Bach and D. Hartung, Leveraging the role of community pharmacists in the prevention, surveillance, and treatment of opioid use disorders, Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract.14(1) (2019) Article ID 30 (11 pages); https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-019-0158-0Search in Google Scholar
S. Sarkar, R. Lal, M. Varshney and Y. P. S. Balhara, Tramadol for maintenance in opioid dependence: A retrospective chart review, J. Opioid Manag.13(5) (2017) 329–334; https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2017.0401Search in Google Scholar
R. K. Lanier, A. Umbricht, J. A. Harrison, E. S. Nuwayser and G. E. Bigelow, Evaluation of a transdermal buprenorphine formulation in opioid detoxification, Addiction (Abingdon) 102(10) (2007) 1648–1656; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01944.xSearch in Google Scholar
J. Muriel, C. Margarit, B. Planelles, M. J. Serralta, C. Puga, M. D. Inda, E. Cutillas, D. Morales, J. F. Horga and A. M. Peiró, OPRM1 influence on and effectiveness of an individualized treatment plan for prescription opioid use disorder patients, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.1425(1) (2018) 82–93; https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13735Search in Google Scholar
E. von Elm, D. G. Altman, M. Egger, S. J. Pocock, P. C. Gøtzsche and J. P. Vandenbroucke, The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, J. Clin. Epidemiol.61(4) (2008) 344–349; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008Search in Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., Washington, D.C. 2013.Search in Google Scholar
J. Fernández-Miranda, Guide to the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, Socidrogalcohol, Palma de Mallorca 2007, p. 118.Search in Google Scholar
S. Mercadante, A. Casuccio, F. Fulfaro, L. Groff, R. Boffi, P. Villari, V. Gebbia and C. Ripamonti, Switching from morphine to methadone to improve analgesia and tolerability in cancer patients: a prospective study, J. Clin. Oncol.19(11) (2001) 2898–2904; https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.11.2898Search in Google Scholar
S. H. Jones, G. Thornicroft, M. Coffey and G. Dunn, A brief mental health outcome scale-reliability and validity of the global assessment of functioning (GAF), Br. J. Psych.166(5) (1995) 654–659; https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.5.654Search in Google Scholar
H. M. McCormack, D. J. Horne and S. Sheather, Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review, Psychol. Med.18(4) (1988) 1007–1019.Search in Google Scholar
R. A. Moore and H. J. McQuay, Prevalence of opioid adverse events in chronic non-malignant pain: systematic review of randomised trials of oral opioids, Arthr. Res. Ther.7(5) (2005) R1046–R1051; https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1782Search in Google Scholar
J. Barrachina, J. Muriel, C. Margarit, B. Planelles, P. Ballester, M. Richart-Martínez, E. Cutillas, T. Zandonai, D. Morales and A. M. Peiró, Global pain state questionnaire: Reliability, validity, and gender gap, Arch. Intern. Med. Res.4 (2021) 91–113; https://doi.org/10.26502/aimr.0061Search in Google Scholar
P. Mozzicato, MedDRA An overview of the medical dictionary for regulatory activities, Pharm. Med.23(2) (2009) 65–75; https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03256752Search in Google Scholar
W. Häuser, B. Morlion, K. E. Vowles, K. Bannister, E. Buchser, R. Casale, J.-F. Chenot, G. Chumbley, A. M. Drewes, G. Dom, L. Jutila, T. O’Brien, E. Pogatzki-Zahn, M. Rakusa, C. Suarez-Serrano, T. Tölle and N. Krčevski Škvarč, European clinical practice recommendations on opioids for chronic noncancer pain – Part 1: Role of opioids in the management of chronic noncancer pain, Eur. J. Pain25(5) (2021) 949–968; https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1736Search in Google Scholar
C. Taylor, I. Crosby, V. Yip, P. Maguire, M. Pirmohamed and R. M. Turner, A review of the important role of CYP2D6 in pharmacogenomics, Genes11(11) (2020) Article ID 1295 (22 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111295Search in Google Scholar
A. Llerena, P. Dorado, R. Ramírez, I. González, M. Alvarez, E. M. Peñas-Lledó, B. Pérez and L. R. Calzadilla, CYP2D6 genotype and debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype in Cubans and Nicaraguans, Pharmacogen. J.12(2) (2012) 176–183; https://doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2010.85Search in Google Scholar
A. Gaedigk, S. D. Simon, R. E. Pearce, L. D. Bradford, M. J. Kennedy and J. S. Leeder, The CYP2D6 activity score: translating genotype information into a qualitative measure of phenotype, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.83(2) (2008) 234–242; https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100406Search in Google Scholar
P. Dorado, M. Cáceres, E. Pozo-Guisado, M. L. Wong, J. Licinio and A. Llerena, Development of a PCR-based strategy for CYP2D6 genotyping including gene multiplication of worldwide potential use, BioTechniques39(Suppl. 10) (2005) S571–S574; https://doi.org/10.2144/000112044Search in Google Scholar
M. E. G. Naranjo, F. de Andrés, A. Delgado, J. Cobaleda, E. M. Peñas-Lledó and A. LLerena, High frequency of CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizers in Spain: controversy about their misclassification in worldwide population studies, Pharmacogen. J.16(5) (2016) 485–490; https://doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2016.47Search in Google Scholar
J. Mennis, G. J. Stahler and M. J. Mason, Risky substance use environments and addiction: A new frontier for environmental justice research, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health13(6) (2016) Article ID 607 (15 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060607Search in Google Scholar
M. Gosch, B. Böhmdorfer, U. Benvenuti-Falger, P. Dovjak, B. Iglseder, M. Lechleitner, R. Otto, R. E. Roller and U. Sommeregger, [Polypharmacy and pain treatment], Wien. Med. Wochenschr.160(11–12) (2010) 286–292; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-010-0788-zSearch in Google Scholar
A. I. Henche Ruiz, Problematic use of prescription opioid drugs: Classification and effective treatments, Med. Clin.152(11) (2019) 458–465; https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2018.10.008Search in Google Scholar
M. D. Cheatle, P. A. Compton, L. Dhingra, T. E. Wasser and C. P. O’Brien, Development of the revised opioid risk tool to predict opioid use disorder in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain, J. Pain20(7) (2019) 842–851; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.011Search in Google Scholar
C. Els, T. D. Jackson, D. Kunyk, V. G. Lappi, B. Sonnenberg, R. Hagtvedt, S. Sharma, F. Kolahdooz and S. Straube, Adverse events associated with medium- and long-term use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane reviews, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.10(10) (2017) Cd012509; https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012509.pub2Search in Google Scholar
L. Hazell and S. A. Shakir, Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review, Drug Safety29(5) (2006) 385–396; https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629050-00003Search in Google Scholar
M. Gombert, P. Ballester, A. Segura and A. M. Peiró, Introducing sexual dysfunction in mental care, Expert Opin. Drug Safety20(1) (2021) 69–79; https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2020.1849135Search in Google Scholar
L. LeResche, K. Saunders, S. Dublin, S. Thielke, J. O. Merrill, S. M. Shortreed, C. Campbell and M. R. Von Korff, Sex and age differences in global pain status among patients using opioids long term for chronic noncancer pain, J. Women Health24(8) (2015) 629–635; https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5222Search in Google Scholar
M. Noble, J. R. Treadwell, S. J. Tregear, V. H. Coates, P. J. Wiffen, C. Akafomo, K. M. Schoelles and R. Chou, Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. No. 1 (2010) CD006605; https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006605.pub2Search in Google Scholar
N. Kozlov and H. T. Benzon, Role of gender and race in patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction, Anesthesiol. Clin.38(2) (2020) 417–431; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2020.01.012Search in Google Scholar
F. K. H. Sørup, R. Eriksson, D. Westergaard, J. Hallas, S. Brunak and S. E. Andersen, Sex differences in text-mined possible adverse drug events associated with drugs for psychosis, J. Psycho-pharmacol. (Oxford) 34(5) (2020) 532–539; https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120903466Search in Google Scholar
E. Mura, S. Govoni, M. Racchi, V. Carossa, G. N. Ranzani, M. Allegri and R. H. van Schaik, Consequences of the 118A>G polymorphism in the OPRM1 gene: translation from bench to bedside?, J. Pain Res.6 (2013) 331–353; https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s42040Search in Google Scholar
K. Blum, M. Oscar-Berman, Z. Demetrovics, D. Barh and M. S. Gold, Genetic addiction risk score (GARS): molecular neurogenetic evidence for predisposition to reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), Mol. Neurobiol.50(3) (2014) 765–796; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8726-5Search in Google Scholar
L. Dean and M. Kane, Codeine Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype, in Medical Genetics Summaries (Eds. V. M. Pratt, S. A. Scott, M. Pirmohamed, B. Esquivel, M. S. Kane, B. L. Kattman and A. J. Malheiro), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda (MD) 2012, p. 25.Search in Google Scholar
E. B. Ettienne, A. Ofoegbu, M. K. Maneno, J. Briggs, G. Ezeude, S. Williams, C. Walker and E. Chapman, Pharmacogenomics and opioid use disorder: clinical decision support in an African American cohort, J. Nat. Med. Assoc.111(6) (2019) 674–681; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.09.006Search in Google Scholar
M. A. Bahar, D. Setiawan, E. Hak and B. Wilffert, Pharmacogenetics of drug-drug interaction and drug-drug-gene interaction: a systematic review on CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, Pharmacogenomics18(7) (2017) 701–739; https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2017-0194Search in Google Scholar
C. R. Fulton, Y. Zang, Z. Desta, M. B. Rosenman, A. M. Holmes, B. S. Decker, Y. Zhang, J. T Callaghan, V. M. Pratt, K. D. Levy, B. T. Gufford, P. R. Dexter, T. C. Skaar and M. T. Eadon, Drug-gene and drug-drug interactions associated with tramadol and codeine therapy in the INGENIOUS trial, Pharmacogenomics20(6) (2019) 397–408; https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2018-0205Search in Google Scholar
G. Cochran, J. Bruneau, N. Cox and A. J. Gordon, Medication treatment for opioid use disorder and community pharmacy: Expanding care during a national epidemic and global pandemic, Subst. Abuse41(3) (2020) 269–274; https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1787300Search in Google Scholar
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Cooperation Between Physicians and Pharmacists May Improve Treatment for Patients with Opioid Use Disorder, 2021; https://nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/11/cooperation-between-physicians-and-pharmacists-may-improve-treatment-for-patients-with-opioid-use-disorder; last access date September 20, 2022Search in Google Scholar