Promising inhibitors against main protease of SARS CoV-2 from medicinal plants: In silico identification

1. A. Rahimi, A. Mirzazadeh and S. Tavakolpour, Genetics and genomics of SARS CoV-2: A review of the literature with the special focus on genetic diversity and SARS CoV-2 genome detection, Genomics 113 (2021) 1221–1232; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.05910.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.059752524333007398Search in Google Scholar

2. Y. A. Helmy, M. Fawzy, A. Elaswad, A. Sobieh, S. P. Kenney and A. A. Shehata, The COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control, J. Clin. Med. 9 (2020) Article ID 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm904122510.3390/jcm9041225723057832344679Search in Google Scholar

3. D. E. Gordon, G. M. Jang, M. Bouhaddou, J. Xu, K. Obernier, K. M. White, M. J. O’Meara, V. V. Rezelj, J. Z. Guo, D. L. Swaney, T. A. Tummino, R. Hüttenhain, R. M. Kaake, A. L. Richards, B. Tutuncuoglu, H. Foussard, J. Batra, K. Haas, M. Modak, M. Kim, P. Haas, B. J. Polacco, H. Braberg, J. M. Fabius, M. Eckhardt, M. Soucheray, M. J. Bennett, M. Cakir, M. J. McGregor, Q. Li, B. Meyer, F. Roesch, T. Vallet, A. Mac Kain, L. Miorin, E. Moreno, Z. Z. Chi Naing, Y. Zhou, S. Peng, Y. Shi, Z. Zhang, W. Shen, I. T. Kirby, J. E. Melnyk, J. S. Chorba, K. Lou, S. A. Dai, I. Barrio-Hernandez, D. Memon, C. Hernandez-Armenta, J. Lyu, C. J. P. Mathy, T. Perica, K. B. Pilla, S. J. Ganesan, D. J. Saltzberg, R. Rakesh, X. Liu, S. B. Rosenthal, L. Calviello, S. Venkataramanan, J. Liboy-Lugo, Y. Lin, X.-P. Huang, Y. F. Liu, S. A. Wankowicz, M. Bohn, M. Safari, F. S. Ugur, C. Koh, N. S. Savar, Q. D. Tran, D. Shengjuler, S. J. Fletcher, M. C. O’Neal, Y. Cai, J. C. J. Chang, D. J. Broadhurst, S. Klippsten, P. P. Sharp, N. A. Wenzell, D. Kuzuoglu-Ozturk, H.-Y. Wang, R. Trenker, J. M. Young, D. A. Cavero, J. Hiatt, T. L. Roth, U. Rathore, A. Subramanian, J. Noack, M. Hubert, R. M. Stroud, A. D. Frankel, O. S. Rosenberg, K. A. Verba, D. A. Agard, M. Ott, M. Emerman, N. Jura, M. von Zastrow, E. Verdin, A. Ashworth, O. Schwartz, C. d’Enfert, S. Mukherjee, M. Jacobson, H. S. Malik, D. G. Fujimori, T. Ideker, C. S. Craik, S. N. Floor, J. S. Fraser, J. D. Gross, A. Sali, B. L. Roth, D. Ruggero, J. Taunton, T. Kortemme, P. Beltrao, M. Vignuzzi, A. García-Sastre, K. M. Shokat, B. K. Shoichet, N. J. Krogan, A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing, Nature 583 (2020) 459–468; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2286-910.1038/s41586-020-2286-9743103032353859Search in Google Scholar

4. J.-S. Kim, J. Jang, J. Kim, Y. Chung, C. Yoo and M. Han, Genome-wide identification and characterization of point mutations in the SARS CoV-2 genome, Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 11 (2020) 101–111; https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.310.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.05Search in Google Scholar

5. M. Rastogi, N. Pandey, A. Shukla and S. K. Singh, SARS coronavirus 2:From genome to infectome, Respir. Res. 21 (2020) Article ID 318; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01581-z10.1186/s12931-020-01581-z770617533261606Search in Google Scholar

6. Q. Li, X. Guan, P. Wu, X. Wang, L. Zhou, Y. Tong, R. Ren, K. Leung, E. Lau, J. Wong, X. Xing, N. Xiang, Y. Wu, C. Li, Q. Chen, D. Li, T. Liu, J. Zhao, M. Liu, W. Tu and Z. Feng, Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (2020) 1199–1207; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa200131610.1056/NEJMoa2001316712148431995857Search in Google Scholar

7. COVID-19 Vaccine & Therapeutics Tracker; https://biorender.com/covid-vaccine-tracker; last access date August 5, 2021Search in Google Scholar

8. A. N. M. Alamgir, Pharmacognostical Botany: Classification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Maps), in Pharmacognostical Botany, Botanical Taxonomy, Morphology, and Anatomy of Drug Plants, in Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts, Vol. 1, Springer International Publishing AG, Cham (Switzerland), 2017, pp. 177–293.10.1007/978-3-319-63862-1_6Search in Google Scholar

9. O. Ebenezer, M. A. Jordaan, N. Damoyi and M. Shapi, Discovery of potential inhibitors for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of norovirus: Virtual screening, and molecular dynamics, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (2021) Article ID 171 (24 pages); https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2201017110.3390/ijms22010171779572733375298Search in Google Scholar

10. O. Ebenezer, O. Bodede, P. Awolade, M. A. Jordaan, R. E. Ogunsakin and M. Shapi, Medicinal plants with anti-SARS-CoV activity repurposing for treatment of COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Acta Pharm. 72 (2022) 199–224; https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2022-002110.2478/acph-2022-0021Search in Google Scholar

11. Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. Curtis-Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang, K. H. Lee, K. S. Jeon and K. H. Park, Papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitory effects of cinnamic amides from Tribulus terrestris fruits, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 37 (2014) 1021–1028; https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-0002610.1248/bpb.b14-0002624882413Search in Google Scholar

12. C.-W. Lin, F.-J. Tsai, C.-H. Tsai, C.-C. Lai, L. Wan, T.-Y. Ho, C.-C. Hsieh and P.-D. L. Chao, Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds, Antiviral Res. 68 (2005) 36–42; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.00210.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002711432116115693Search in Google Scholar

13. Y. Park, H. Kim, M. Kim, J. Jeong, W. Kim, H. Park, J. Kwon, J. Park, S. Lee and B Ryu, Tanshinones as selective and slow-binding inhibitorsFor SARS CoV cysteine proteases, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 20 (2012) 5928–5935; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.0310.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038Search in Google Scholar

14. Y. Park, H. Kim, M. Kim, J. Jeong, W. Kim, H. Park, J. Kwon, J. Park, S. Lee and B. Ryu, Chalcones isolated from Angelica keiskei inhibit cysteine proteases of SARS CoV, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 31 (2016) 23–30; https://doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2014.100321510.3109/14756366.2014.100321525683083Search in Google Scholar

15. S. Jo, S. Kim, H. Shin and S. Kim, Inhibition of SARS CoV 3CL protease byFlavonoids, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 35 (2020) 145–151; https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.169048010.1080/14756366.2019.1690480688243431724441Search in Google Scholar

16. B. Ryu, H. Jeong, H. Kim, M. Kim, Y. Park, D. Kim, T. Nguyen, J. Park, S. Chang, H. Park, C. Rho and S. Lee, Biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS CoV 3CL(pro) inhibition, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 7940–7947; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.0351710.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.035Search in Google Scholar

17. W. Kim, H. Seo, J. Curtis-Long, Y. Oh, W. Oh, K. Cho, H. Lee and H. Park, Phenolic phytochemical displaying SARS CoV papain-like protease inhibition from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 29 (2014) 59–63; https://doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2012.7535911810.3109/14756366.2012.753591Search in Google Scholar

18. J.-Y. Park, H. J. Jeong, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, S.-J. Park, D. Kim, K. H. Park, W. S. Lee and Y. B. Ryu, Diarylheptanoids from Alnus japonica inhibit papain-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 35 (2012) 2036–2042; https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b12-0062310.1248/bpb.b12-0062322971649Search in Google Scholar

19. B. Ryu, J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, D. Seo, S. Chang, H. Park, C. Rhoand and S. Lee, SARS CoV 3CLpro inhibitory effects of quinone-methide triterpenes from Tripterygium regelii, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 1873–1876; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.1522010.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.152Search in Google Scholar

20. N. Chen, P. Lin, K. Huang, C. Chen, P. Hsieh, H. Liang and T. Hsu, Inhibition of SARS CoV 3C-like protease activity by theaflavin-3,3’-digallate (TF3), Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2 (2005) 209–215; https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh08110.1093/ecam/neh081114219315937562Search in Google Scholar

21. J. Cho, J. Curtis-Long, H. Lee, D. Kim, W. Ryu, J. Yuk and H. Park, Geranylated Flavonoids displaying SARS CoV papain-like protease inhibition from the fruits of Paulownia tomentosa, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 21 (2013) 3051–3057; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.0272210.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.027Search in Google Scholar

22. C.-C. Wen, Y.-H. Kuo, J.-T. Jan, P.-H. Liang, S.-Y. Wang, H.-G. Liu, C.-K. Lee, S.-T. Chang, C.-J. Kuo, S.-S. Lee, C.-C. Hou, P.-W. Hsiao, S.-C. Chien, L.-F. Shyur and N. S. Yang, Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, J. Med. Chem. 50 (2007) 4087–4095; https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s10.1021/jm070295s17663539Search in Google Scholar

23. Z. Jin, X. Du, Y. Xu, Y. Deng, M. Liu, Y. Zhao, B. Zhang, X. Li, L. Zhang, C. Peng, Y. Duan, J. Yu, L. Wang, K. Yang, F. Liu, R. Jiang, X. Yang, T. You, X. Liu, X. Yang, F. Bai, H. Liu, X. Liu, L. W. Guddat, W. Xu, G. Xiao, C. Qin, Z. Shi, H. Jiang, Z. Rao and H. Yang, Structure of MproFrom SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors, Nature 582 (2020) 289–293; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y32272481Search in Google Scholar

24. A. Jordaan, O. Ebenezer, N. Damoyi and M. Shapi, Virtual screening, molecular docking studies and DFT calculations of FDA approved compounds similar to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) efavirenz, Heliyon 6 (2020) e04642; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e046422510.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04642Search in Google Scholar

25. O. Trott and J. Olson, AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoringFunction, efficient optimization, and multithreading, J. Comput. Chem. 31 (2010) 455–461; https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.2133410.1002/jcc.21334304164119499576Search in Google Scholar

26. A. Daina, O. Michielin and V. Zoete, SwissADME: aFree web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistryFriendliness of small molecules, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) Article ID 42717; https://doi.org/10.1038/srep4271710.1038/srep42717533560028256516Search in Google Scholar