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First report of Bursaphelenchus fungivorus (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) in Italy and an overview of nematodes associated with Crocus sativus L.

Giulia Torrini
Giulia Torrini
, 
Agostino Strangi
Agostino Strangi
, 
Stefania Simoncini
Stefania Simoncini
, 
Maria Luppino
Maria Luppino
, 
Pio Federico Roversi
Pio Federico Roversi
 und 
Leonardo Marianelli
Leonardo Marianelli
   | 30. März 2020
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Online veröffentlicht: 30. März 2020
Seitenbereich: 1 - 11
Eingereicht: 09. Okt. 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-023
Schlüsselwörter
© 2020 Giulia Torrini et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Light micrographs of Bursaphelenchus fungivorus. A: Male total body; B: Female anterior region; C: Female tail; D: Vulval region; E: Lateral view of male tail; F: Ventral view of male tail (Scale bar A = 100 μm; B-F = 20 μm).
Light micrographs of Bursaphelenchus fungivorus. A: Male total body; B: Female anterior region; C: Female tail; D: Vulval region; E: Lateral view of male tail; F: Ventral view of male tail (Scale bar A = 100 μm; B-F = 20 μm).

Figure 2:

Phylogenetic relationships of species belonging to fungivorus-group based on ITS locus. The tree was inferred using GTR + I + G as nucleotide substitution model, tested with 1,000 bootstrap replicates and Bursaphelenchus cocophilus was chosen as outgroup species. Nodes were annotated with NJ and ML bootstrap values, respectively.
Phylogenetic relationships of species belonging to fungivorus-group based on ITS locus. The tree was inferred using GTR + I + G as nucleotide substitution model, tested with 1,000 bootstrap replicates and Bursaphelenchus cocophilus was chosen as outgroup species. Nodes were annotated with NJ and ML bootstrap values, respectively.

Morphometrics of Bursaphelenchus fungivorus.

Character Male Female
n 10 10
L 686.7 ± 31.9 735.28 ± 38.4
(645.2 – 742.0) (700.0 – 834.8)
a 28.3 ± 1.9 26.5 ± 2.0
(25.3 – 30.9) (23.3 – 30.3)
b 10.2 ± 0.8 10.5 ± 0.5
(9.2 – 11.8) (10.1 – 11.7)
c 20.5  ±  1.0 12.4 ± 0.5
(19.1 – 22.1) (11.8 – 13.1)
c' 2.2 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.4
(1.9 – 2.5) (4.8 – 6.3)
T or V 64.1 ± 4.9 73.1 ± 0.4
(57.5 – 72.8) (72.4 – 73.7)
Max. body diam. 24.4 ± 1.8 27.9 ± 2.1
(22.4 – 27.9) (24.2 – 31.7)
Stylet 13.7 ± 0.8 13.4 ± 1.5
(12.6 – 14.9) (11.3 – 16.2)
Median bulb length 17.4 ± 2.0 19.6 ± 1.7
(14.3 – 20.3) (17.1 – 22.0)
Median bulb diam. 11.9 ± 1.1 14.9 ± 1.8
(10.8 – 13.3) (13.0 – 19.3)
Tail length 33.7 ± 2.3 59.2 ± 2.6
(30.5 – 38.4) (56.7 – 65.0)
Cloacal or anal body diam. 15.5 ± 1.1 10.9 ± 0.5
(13.8 – 17.1) (10.2 – 11.8)
Spicule length* 15.3 ± 1.1 –
(13.7 – 17.5)

Occurrence of nematodes associated with Crocus sativus L. in different geographic location.

Feeding habitat Genus Species Matrix of extraction Country References
Bacteria Acrobeles Acrobeles spp. Soil Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
Acrobeloides Acrobeloides spp. Soil, Corm Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
Boleodorus B. thylactus Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Cephalobus Cephalobus spp. Soil Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
Rhabditis Rhabditis spp. Soil Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
Fungi Aphelenchoides A. asterocaudatus Soil, Root Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
A. blastophthorus Soil, Corm, Leaves Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
A. centralis Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
A. curiolis Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Bursaphelenchus B. fungivorus Corm Italy Present study
Ditylenchus D. myceliophagus Soil, Root Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Fungi/Plant Aphelenchoides A. besseyi Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
A. subtenuis Soil, Corm Greece Koliopanos and Kalyviotis-Gazelas (1979), Decker (1989)
Aphelenchus A. avenae Soil, Corm Spain, India, Iran Zaki and Mantoo (2008), Cirujeda et al. (2016), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Omnivorus Ecumenicus Ecumenicus spp. Soil Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
Plant Aerotylenchus A. safroni Soil Kashmir Fotedar and Handoo (1977)
Amplimerlinius A. globigerus Soil, Root Iran Alvani et al. (2017), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
A. icarus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
A. macrurus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
A. socialis Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Criconemoides C. deccipiens Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Ditylenchus D. dipsaci Soil, Corm Azerbaijan, Iran, Marocco Kasimova and Atakishieva (1980), Radouni (1985), Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani (1999), Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Filenchus F. afghanicus Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
F. hamatus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
F. pratensis Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
F. vulgaris Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Geocenamus G. squamatus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
G. tenuidens Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Helicotylenchus Helicotylenchus spp. Soil Kashmir, Spain Sheikh et al. (2014), Cirujeda et al. (2016)
H. chishtii Soil, Root Kashmir Sheikh et al. (2014)
H. crassatus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
H. exallus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
H. pseudorobustus Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
H. vulgaris Corm India Zaki and Mantoo (2008)
Hemicriconemoides Hemicriconemoides spp. Corm India Zaki and Mantoo (2008)
Hirschmaniella Hirschmaniella spp. Soil, Root Kashmir Sheikh et al. (2014)
Meloidogyne M. brevicauda Root Azerbaijan Kasimova and Atakishieva (1980)
Merlinius M. bavaricus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
M. brevidens Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013), Alvani et al. (2017)
M. graminicola Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
M. microdorus Soil, Root Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
M. nanus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
M. pseudobavaricus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Nagelus N. camelliae Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
N. hexagramus Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Paratylenchus P. coronatus Soil, Root Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013),Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
P. similis Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Pratylenchoides P. alkani Soil Iran Alvani et al. (2017)
Pratylenchus Pratylenchus spp. Soil, Root Kashmir Sheikh et al. (2014)
P. coffeae Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
P. crenatus Different part Azerbaijan Kasimova and Atakishieva (1980)
P. loosi Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
P. neglectus Soil, Root Iran Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
P. penetrans Soil Azerbaijan, Iran Kasimova and Atakishieva (1980), Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
P. pratensis Different part Azerbaijan Kasimova and Atakishieva (1980)
P. thornei Soil, Root, Corm Azerbaijan, Iran, India Kasimova and Atakishieva (1980), Zaki and Mantoo (2008), Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
Psilenchus Psilenchus spp. Soil Kashmir, Spain Sheikh et al. (2014), Cirujeda et al. (2016)
P. elegans Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
P. hilarulus Soil, Root Iran Alvani et al. (2015), Saeedizadeh et al. (2018)
P. minor Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Rotylenchus Rotylenchus spp. Soil Spain Cirujeda et al. (2016)
Scutylenchus S. rugosus Soil Iran Alvani et al. (2017)
S. tartuensis Soil Iran Alvani et al. (2017)
Tylenchorhynchus Tylenchorhynchus spp. Corm India Zaki and Mantoo (2008)
T. brassicae Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Tylenchus Tylenchus spp. Soil, Root, Corm Kashmir, Spain, India Zaki and Mantoo (2008), Sheikh et al. (2014), Cirujeda et al. (2016)
T. arcuates Soil, Root India Hassan and Ahangar (2018)
T. kashmirensis Soil India Mahajan (1973)
T. parvus Soil Iran Mahdikhani and Alvani (2013)
Xiphinema Xiphinema spp. Corm India Zaki and Mantoo (2008)

Species list and sequences used in this work annotated with their GeneBank Accession numbers.

Bursaphelenchus species Strain, isolate or clone GeneBank Accession
B. arthuri Ne19/04 AM157742
B. arthuri – EU783918
B. arthuroides 32468 HQ599189
B. braaschae 14190 GQ845407
B. cocophilus S5 KT156782
B. cocophilus S8 KT156783
B. fungivorus BfungPt1 Clone 1 KF241745
B. fungivorus BfungPt1 Clone 2 KF241746
B. fungivorus BfungPt1 Clone 3 KF241747
B. fungivorus GD HQ402559
B. fungivorus GT2018 MK372853
B. fungivorus Ne 26/96 AM179516
B. parathailandae 00349 JN377723
B. thailandae HK DQ497183
B. thailandae Ne7b/03 AM157746
B. thailandae RCA KP644768
B. thailandae UN KP644769
B. willibaldi Ne 16/05 AM180512
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