Climate Agreement. Race to Carbon Neutrality From Rio Via Kyoto and Paris to Glasgow
| 04. Aug. 2022
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Online veröffentlicht: 04. Aug. 2022
Seitenbereich: 145 - 156
Eingereicht: 22. Juli 2021
Akzeptiert: 18. Sept. 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2021-038
Schlüsselwörter
© 2021 Nonna PAVLIUK, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Dynamics of Nitrous Oxide emissions by the largest world emitters [19]
| Country | N2O, thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2012 | 2015 | 2018 | |
| China | 312 810 | 503 970 | 542 900 | 538 790 |
| United States | 249 360 | 245 810 | 242 640 | 250 060 |
| India | 139 570 | 241 950 | 246 030 | 253 790 |
| Russian Federation | 104 170 | 53 090 | 55 520 | 58 610 |
| Brazil | 106 590 | 167 660 | 172 220 | 179 200 |
Primary energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide emission from the combustion of anthropogenic fuel by the largest world emitters in 2012 [11,12]
| Country | Primary energy Consumption, Exajoules | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, million tonnes of CO2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel | Coal | Oil | Gas | ||
| United States | 89.69 | 4 903.0 | 1 648.1 | 1 869.8 | 1 361.0 |
| Russian Federation | 28.98 | 1 607.9 | 435.6 | 327.9 | 819.6 |
| China | 117.05 | 8 863.5 | 7 464.9 | 1 106.0 | 264.3 |
| Japan | 19.92 | 1 226.6 | 428.3 | 524.3 | 250.3 |
| Germany | 13.37 | 745.1 | 325.0 | 240.6 | 161.1 |
| Ukraine | 5.14 | 274.0 | 149.4 | 36.8 | 87.8 |
| United Kingdom | 8.55 | 461.4 | 147.9 | 157.0 | 152.8 |
| India | 25.11 | 1 805.3 | 1 287.5 | 445.9 | 70.9 |
Primary energy Consumption behavior and Carbon Dioxide emission rates from the combustion of anthropogenic fuel in the developing countries [11, 12]
| Country | Primary energy Consumption, Exajoules | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, million tonnes of CO2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2012 | 1990 | 2012 | |
| Mexico | 4.56 | 7.71 | 257.0 | 459.5 |
| South Africa | 3.70 | 5.14 | 243.8 | 422.3 |
| Republic of Korea | 3.82 | 11.54 | 231.8 | 575.5 |
| Brazil | 5.36 | 11.69 | 184.5 | 424.1 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | 3.04 | 9.41 | 171.2 | 514.5 |
| Saudi Arabia | 3.34 | 9.76 | 151.1 | 463.4 |
| Indonesia | 2.20 | 7.27 | 131.3 | 451.1 |
Major Coal Consumers in the world [12, 24]
| Country | Coal Consumption, Exajoules | CO2 emissions from Country Coal combustion/CO2 emissions from Country Fuel combustion, % | Coal Consumption/Primary Energy Consumption, % | CO2 emissions from Country Coal combustion/CO2 emissions from World Fuel combustion, % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2018 | 2015 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | |
| China | 80.41 | 80.09 | 82.0 | 79.8 | 58.8 | 22.8 |
| India | 16.55 | 18.56 | 71.0 | 70.5 | 55.7 | 4.9 |
| United States | 15.58 | 13.28 | 29.7 | 25.8 | 13.9 | 3.8 |
| Japan | 5.03 | 4.99 | 39.1 | 39.9 | 26.5 | 1.3 |
| Russian Federation | 3.86 | 3.63 | 26.8 | 25.9 | 12.1 | 1.2 |
| The Republic of Korea | 3.58 | 3.63 | 53.5 | 52.0 | 28.9 | 0.9 |
| South Africa | 3.52 | 3.76 | 81.9 | 81.8 | 70.9 | 1.0 |
| Germany | 3.29 | 2.9 | 43.0 | 39.2 | 21.6 | 0.8 |
| Indonesia | 2.14 | 2.84 | 35.1 | 40.9 | 34.5 | 0.7 |
| Poland | 2.04 | 2.08 | 68.4 | 62.8 | 47.6 | 0.6 |
Influence of the base year on reduction of Carbon Dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels
| Country | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 / 1990 | 2018 / 2005 | 2018/ 2010 | 2018/ 2013 | 2018/ 2017 | |
| Ukraine | -73.6 | ||||
| United Kingdom | -35.9 | ||||
| Russian Federation | -26.6 | ||||
| Germany | -25.9 | ||||
| United States | 2.5 | -13,7 | |||
| Japan | 2.5 | -8,5 | |||
| Mexico | 74.5 | -0.2 | |||
| Brazil | 120.2 | 30.4 | |||
| Republic of Korea | 161.3 | 1 | |||
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | 238.6 | 16.2 | |||
| Indonesia | 313.5 | 70.9 | |||
| India | 335.4 | 114.7 | |||
| China | 351 | 75.6 | |||
Primary energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide emission from the combustion of anthropogenic fuel by the largest world emitters in 2018 [11, 12]
| Country | Primary energy Consumption, Exajoules | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, million tonnes of CO2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel | Coal | Oil | Gas | ||
| United States | 95.60 | 4 921.1 | 1 270.0 | 2 031.3 | 1 600.7 |
| Russian Federation | 30.04 | 1 587.0 | 411.2 | 303.0 | 838.0 |
| China | 135.77 | 9 570.8 | 7 637.2 | 1 374.7 | 525.9 |
| Japan | 18.84 | 1 080.7 | 431.3 | 384.1 | 228.4 |
| Germany | 13.44 | 696.1 | 273.1 | 233.3 | 171.1 |
| Ukraine | 3.54 | 181.8 | 97.6 | 28.5 | 55.8 |
| United Kingdom | 7.96 | 352.4 | 31.3 | 157.8 | 158.0 |
| India | 33.30 | 2 307.8 | 1 628.0 | 595.1 | 83.4 |
| Mexico | 7.83 | 448.5 | 48.3 | 243.9 | 155.8 |
| South Africa | 5.30 | 428.0 | 350.0 | 73.5 | 4.5 |
| Republic of Korea | 12.55 | 605.8 | 315.3 | 158.9 | 114.0 |
| Brazil | 12.13 | 406.3 | 63.9 | 274.0 | 68.4 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | 11.83 | 579.6 | 5.4 | 191.4 | 382.7 |
| Saudi Arabia | 10.91 | 491.7 | 0 | 318.3 | 173.4 |
| Indonesia | 8.23 | 542.9 | 221.9 | 238.1 | 82.4 |
Historical (retrospective) changes in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide [6]
| Parameters | 1750 | 1860 | 1990 | 2008 | 2012 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019[ |
2020[ |
2021[ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (ppm) | 278.0 | 286.2 | 353.72 | 384.98 | 392.6 | 399.64 | 402.87 | 405.19 | 407.58 | 411.49 | 414.01 | 419.13 |
| Excess concentration of 1750, % | 3 | 27 | 38 | 41 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 51 |
Primary energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide emission from the combustion of anthropogenic fuel by the largest world emitters in 1990 [11, 12]
| Country | Primary energy Consumption, Exajoules | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, million tonnes of CO2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel | Coal | Oil | Gas | ||
| United States | 80.99 | 4 803.1 | 1 837.2 | 1 951.5 | 994.9 |
| Russian Federation | 36.14 | 2 163.5 | 707.2 | 618.7 | 837.6 |
| China | 28.70 | 2 122.2 | 1 814.9 | 286.6 | 20.6 |
| Japan | 18.61 | 1 053.9 | 296.3 | 645.9 | 111.6 |
| Germany | 15.05 | 940.0 | 516.2 | 303.7 | 115.2 |
| Ukraine | 11.42 | 688.6 | 292.9 | 185.2 | 210.5 |
| United Kingdom | 9.01 | 549.4 | 247.1 | 197.9 | 104.1 |
| India | 8.24 | 530.1 | 364.8 | 151.1 | 14.2 |
Primary energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide emission from the combustion of anthropogenic fuel in the modified base year [11, 12]
| Country | Base year | Primary energy Consumption, Exajoules | CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, million tonnes of CO2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel | Coal | Oil | Gas | |||
| United States | 2005 | 96.44 | 5 703.2 | 2 179.2 | 2 316.6 | 1180.5 |
| China | 2005 | 75.60 | 5 448.9 | 4 594.2 | 776.6 | 78.0 |
| Japan | 2005 | 22.35 | 1 181.5 | 399.9 | 603.8 | 169.5 |
| India | 2005 | 16.56 | 1 075.0 | 709.8 | 309.4 | 55.6 |
| Mexico | 2013 | 7.74 | 449.6 | 51.3 | 257.4 | 140.6 |
| Brazil | 2005 | 8.86 | 311.6 | 45.6 | 227.9 | 38.1 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | 2010 | 8.94 | 498.6 | 2.7 | 221.6 | 274.3 |
| Republic of Korea | 2017 | 12.37 | 600.0 | 312.8 | 163.1 | 102.7 |
| Indonesia | 2005 | 5.17 | 317.6 | 87.3 | 179.3 | 50.9 |
Dynamics of Hydrofluorocarbons emissions by the largest world emitters [20]
| Country | HFC, thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent | |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2010 | |
| United States | 29 186 | 300 896 |
| Japan | 9 154 | 60 318 |
| China | 5 970 | 183 870 |
Dynamics of Methane emissions by the largest world emitters [15]
| Country | CH4 emissions, kt of CO2 equivalent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2012 | 2015 | 2018 | |
| Russian Federation | 929 970 | 824 270 | 835 560 | 849 570 |
| United States | 766 550 | 618 150 | 617 170 | 622 590 |
| China | 730 340 | 1 151 100 | 1 237 520 | 1 238 630 |
| India | 522 740 | 650 410 | 652 000 | 666 510 |
| Indonesia | 298 410 | 251 460 | 269 470 | 287 500 |
| Brazil | 285 240 | 414 530 | 422 280 | 416 800 |