Fertility Variation, Genetic Relatedness, and Their Impacts on Gene Diversity of Seeds From a Seed Orchard of Pinus thunbergii

ANDERSSON, E., JANSSON, R. and LINDGREN. D. (1974): Some results from second generation crossings involving inbreeding in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Silvae Genet. 23: 34-43.Search in Google Scholar

ASKEW, G. R. and BURROWS, P. M. (1983): Minimum coancestry selection I. A Pinus taeda population and its simulation. Silvae Genet. 32: 125-131.Search in Google Scholar

BURCZYK, J. and CHALUPKA, W. (1997): Flowering and cone production variability and its effect on parental balance in a Scots pine clonal seed orchard. Ann. Sci. For. 54: 129-144.10.1051/forest:19970201Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

COCKERHAM, C. C. (1967): Group inbreeding and coancestry. Genetics 56: 89-104.10.1093/genetics/56.1.8912114966035597Search in Google Scholar

EL-KASSABY, Y. A. (1989): Genetics of Douglas-fir seed orchards: expectations and realities. In: Proc. 20th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference, pp. 87-109.Search in Google Scholar

EL-KASSABY, Y. A., FASHLER, A. M. K. and CROWN, M. (1989): Variation in fruitfulness in a Douglas-fir seed orchard and its effect on crop-management decisions. Silvae Genet. 38: 113-121.Search in Google Scholar

ERIKSSON, G. (1998): Evolutionary forces influencing variation among populations of Pinus sylvestris. Silva Fenn. 32: 173-184.10.14214/sf.694Search in Google Scholar

ERIKSSON, G., JONSSON, A. and LINDGREN, D. (1973): Flowering in a clone trail of Picea abies L. Stud. For. Suec. 110: 45pp.Search in Google Scholar

GREGORIUS, H. R. and MULLER, G. (1975): Genetic structures in finite, open-pollinated plant populations: a model and its application to seed orchards. Theor. Appl. Genet. 46: 295-305.Search in Google Scholar

HARDNER, C. M. and POTTS, B. M. (1995): Inbreeding depression and changes in variation after selfing in Eucalyptus globules ssp. globules. Silvae Genet. 44: 46-54.Search in Google Scholar

JANG, K.W. (1993): Clonal variation in gamete production in a Pinus densiflora seed orchard: with an emphasis on the flowering amount, data, and pollen shedding density. M. A. Thesis. Korea University. 33pp.Search in Google Scholar

KANG, K. S. and EL-KASSABY, Y. A. (2002): Considerations of correlated fertility between genders on genetic diversity: Pinus densiflora seed orchard as a model. Theor. Appl. Genet. 105: 1183-1189.Search in Google Scholar

KANG, K. S. and LINDGREN, D. (1999): Fertility variation among clones of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and its implications on seed orchard management. For. Genet. 6: 191-200.Search in Google Scholar

KANG, K. S., BILA, A. D., HARJU, A. M. and LINDGREN, D. (2003): Fertility variation in forest tree populations. Forestry 76: 32-344. 10.1093/forestry/76.3.329Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

KARKKAINEN, K. and SAVOLAINEN, O. (1993): The degree of early inbreeding depression determines the selfing rate at the stage model and results from Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). Heredity 71: 160-166.10.1038/hdy.1993.120Search in Google Scholar

KIM, Z. S., LEE, S. W. and HWANG, J. W. (1997): Genetic diversity and structure of natural populations of Pinus thunbergii in Korea. Silvae Genet. 46: 120-124.Search in Google Scholar

KJÆR, E. D. (1996): Estimation of effective population number in a Picea abies (Karst.) seed orchard based on flower assessment. Scan. J. For. Res. 11: 111-121.Search in Google Scholar

KWON, Y. J., KIM, J. H., JANG, K.W., KIM, Y. J., HWANG, S. I., JANG, S. S. and CHO, R. M. (1987): Effect of flowering on seed production in a Pinus densiflora seed orchard. Res. Rep., Inst. For. Gen. Korea 23: 84-90.Search in Google Scholar

LINDGREN, D. and GREGORIUS, H. R. (1976): Inbreeding and coancestry. Proc. IUFRO Joint Meeting of Working Parties on Population and Ecological Genetics, Breeding Theory, Biochemical Genetics and Progeny Testing, Bordeaux, France. p. 49-72.Search in Google Scholar

LINDGREN, D. and MULLIN, T. J. (1998): Relatedness and status number in seed orchard crops. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 276-283.Search in Google Scholar

LINDGREN, D., GEA, L. D. and JEFFERSON, P. A. (1996): Loss of genetic diversity monitored by status number. Silvae Genet. 45: 52-59.Search in Google Scholar

MATZIRIS, D. I. (1993): Variation in cone production in a clonal seed orchard of Black pine. Silvae Genet. 42: 136-141.Search in Google Scholar

MATZIRIS, D. I. (1994): Genetic variation in the phenology of flowering in Black pine. Silvae Genet. 43: 321-328.Search in Google Scholar

MIYATA, M. and UBUKATA, M. (1994): Genetic variation of allozymes in natural stands of Japanese black pine. J. Jpn. For. Res. 76: 445-455.Search in Google Scholar

MUONA, O. and HARJU, A. (1989): Effective population size, genetic variability, and mating systems in natural stands and seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris. Silvae Genet. 38: 221-228.Search in Google Scholar

O’REILLY, C., PARKER, W. H. and BARKER, J. E. (1982): Effect of pollen period and strobili number on random mating in a clonal seed orchard of Picea mariana. Silvae Genet. 31: 90-94.Search in Google Scholar

REYNOLDS, S. and EL-KASSABY, Y. A. (1990): Parental balance in Douglas-fir seed orchards-cone crop vs. seed crop. Silvae Genet. 39: 40-42.Search in Google Scholar

RUOTSALAINEN, S. and NIKKANEN, T. (1989): Variation in flowering of north Finnish clones in a Norway spruce seed orchard in central Finland. Pro. IUFRO working party, S2.02-11, 1988, Sweden. Eds). STENER, L. G. and WERNER M. Norway spruce; Provenance, breeding and genetic conservation: p. 176-188.Search in Google Scholar

SCHOEN, D. J., DENTI, D. and STEWART, S. C. (1986): Strobilus production in a clonal white spruce seed orchard: Evidence for unbalanced mating. Silvae Genet. 35: 201-205.Search in Google Scholar

SIEGISMUND, H. R, KJÆR, E. D. and NIELSEN, U. B. (1996): Mating system estimates and effective population numbers for an isolated noble fir (Abies procera) clonal seed orchard in Denmark. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1135-1141.Search in Google Scholar

SORENSEN, F. C. and CRESS, D.W. (1994.): Effects of sib matingon cone and seed traits in coastal Douglas-fir. Silvae Genet. 43: 338-345.Search in Google Scholar

TODHUNTER, M. N. and POLK, R. B. (1982): Seed and cone production n a clonal orchard of Jack pine (P. banksiana). Can. J. For. Res. 12: 512-516.Search in Google Scholar

YING, C. C., MURPHY, J. C. and ANDERSEN, S. (1985): Cone production and seed yield of lodgepole pine grafts. For. Chron. 61: 223-228.10.5558/tfc61223-3Search in Google Scholar