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Estimation of Morphometric Parameters in Lakes Based on Satellite Imagery Data: Implications of Relationships Between Lakes in the Arid Region of Western Mongolia, Central Asia

Altanbold Enkhbold

Altanbold Enkhbold

Department of Geography, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Battsengel Vandansambuu

Battsengel Vandansambuu

Department of Geography, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Vandansambuu, Battsengel
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Gansukh Yadamsuren

Gansukh Yadamsuren

Department of Ecology, School of Agroecology, Mongolian University of Life SciencesUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Yadamsuren, Gansukh
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Batsuren Dorjsuren

Batsuren Dorjsuren

Department of Environment and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Sandelger Dorligjav

Sandelger Dorligjav

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, School of Art and Sciences, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Yumchmaa Gonchigjav

Yumchmaa Gonchigjav

Department of Geography, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Gonchigjav, Yumchmaa
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Li Dingjun

Li Dingjun

Department of Geography, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Chantsal Narantsetseg

Chantsal Narantsetseg

Department of Geography, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Narantsetseg, Chantsal
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Byambabayar Ganbold

Byambabayar Ganbold

Department of Geography, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Erdenesukh Sumiya

Erdenesukh Sumiya

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, School of Art and Sciences, National University of MongoliaUlaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Sumiya, Erdenesukh
  
21. Jan. 2025
Estimation of Morphometric Parameters in Lakes Based on Satellite Imagery Data: Implications of Relationships Between Lakes in the Arid Region of Western Mongolia, Central Asia's Cover Image
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Online veröffentlicht: 21. Jan. 2025
Seitenbereich: 21 - 38
Eingereicht: 24. Juni 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2025-0002
Schlüsselwörter
© 2025 Altanbold Enkhbold et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

A – The geographical location of the study area. B – Topographic map of Mongolia and the Zavkhan River–Khyargas Lake basin in western Mongolia. C – Satellite images of the Airag and Khyargas lakes. D – Gegeen Lake.
A – The geographical location of the study area. B – Topographic map of Mongolia and the Zavkhan River–Khyargas Lake basin in western Mongolia. C – Satellite images of the Airag and Khyargas lakes. D – Gegeen Lake.

Fig. 2.

Methodology flow chart.
Methodology flow chart.

Fig. 3.

Morphological changes in the area of Airag Lake (1991–2021).
Morphological changes in the area of Airag Lake (1991–2021).

Fig. 4.

Morphological changes in the area of Gegeen Lake (2007–2021).
Morphological changes in the area of Gegeen Lake (2007–2021).

Fig. 5.

Morphological changes in the area of Khyargas Lake (1991–2021).
Morphological changes in the area of Khyargas Lake (1991–2021).

Fig. 6.

A – Temporal changes in the water surface area of the Khyargas Lake basin. B – Surface area trends for the water accumulation (2007–2011) and after the accumulation period of Gegeen Lake (2011–2021).
A – Temporal changes in the water surface area of the Khyargas Lake basin. B – Surface area trends for the water accumulation (2007–2011) and after the accumulation period of Gegeen Lake (2011–2021).

Fig. 7.

A – Relationship of surface area changes between the Gegeen and Airag lakes. The light green background represents the water accumulation period for Gegeen Lake, while the light orange background corresponds to the water accumulation period of the lake. B – Relationship of surface area changes for Khargas Lake with the Gegeen and Airag lakes.
A – Relationship of surface area changes between the Gegeen and Airag lakes. The light green background represents the water accumulation period for Gegeen Lake, while the light orange background corresponds to the water accumulation period of the lake. B – Relationship of surface area changes for Khargas Lake with the Gegeen and Airag lakes.

Fig. 8.

Variations in morphometric changes in the lakes. A – Depth change; B – volume change of the Airag and Gegeen lakes and C – depth and volume changes of Khyargas Lake.
Variations in morphometric changes in the lakes. A – Depth change; B – volume change of the Airag and Gegeen lakes and C – depth and volume changes of Khyargas Lake.

Fig. 9.

Three-dimensional model of water volume changes in lakes. Morphometric changes in A – Airag Lake, B – Gegeen Lake and C – Khyargas Lake.
Three-dimensional model of water volume changes in lakes. Morphometric changes in A – Airag Lake, B – Gegeen Lake and C – Khyargas Lake.

Fig. 10.

Photograph of the lakes. A – Airag Lake aerial photo, photo by Batbold Dorj; B – Gegeen Lake aerial photo, photo by Dorjzovd Enkhtur; C – Airag Lake water level decline; D – The level of water increase in the Gegeen Lake and E – Khyargas Lake water level decline, photo by Altanbold Enkhbold.
Photograph of the lakes. A – Airag Lake aerial photo, photo by Batbold Dorj; B – Gegeen Lake aerial photo, photo by Dorjzovd Enkhtur; C – Airag Lake water level decline; D – The level of water increase in the Gegeen Lake and E – Khyargas Lake water level decline, photo by Altanbold Enkhbold.

Fig. 11.

Climate trends in years 1991–2021.
Climate trends in years 1991–2021.

Changes in the depth and volume of the Khyargas Lake basin (2007–2021)_

Serial No. Year Airag Lake Gegeen Lake Khyargas Lake
Depth Volume Depth Volume Depth Volume
[m] [km3] [m] [km3] [m] [km3]
1 2007 12.587 0.694 0.598 0.001 78.66 66.034
2 2008 11.956 0.596 10.224 0.064 78.37 65.630
3 2009 11.491 0.527 12.107 0.095 78.10 65.266
4 2010 10.905 0.444 21.746 0.335 78.12 65.283
5 2011 10.643 0.408 31.923 0.738 77.78 64.819
6 2012 10.333 0.367 30.519 0.673 77.71 64.727
7 2013 9.834 0.304 29.786 0.640 77.27 64.113
8 2014 9.465 0.259 31.789 0.732 77.13 63.934
9 2015 9.107 0.216 29.329 0.620 76.97 63.704
10 2016 9.572 0.271 35.607 0.923 77.06 63.835
11 2017 9.385 0.249 31.695 0.727 77.16 63.972
12 2018 9.169 0.224 28.576 0.588 77.06 63.833
13 2019 9.136 0.220 31.661 0.726 77.04 63.806
14 2020 9.113 0.217 25.524 0.465 77.49 64.426
15 2021 10.200 0.350 31.500 0.718 77.20 64.024

Morphometric parameters of the study area (Modified after Tserensodnom 2000; Davaa 2018; Enkhbold et al_ 2022; Dorjsuren et al_ 2023, 2024)_

Description Unit Khyargas Lake Airag Lake Gegeen Lake
Location DMS 49°11'05"N, 93°16'16"E 48°53'12"N, 93°26'09"E 46°41'02"N, 96°46'17"E
Elevation (m a.s.l.) m 1028 1030 1727
Average area ha 138,306 15,179 3794
Shape Direction W–E W–E NW–SE
Average length km 75 18 17.2
Average width km 19 13 3.1
Depth (max) m 78.7 10.2 31.5
Origin – Tectonic Tectonic Human
Chemistry – Salt Fresh Fresh
Water source – Surface Surface Surface

Estimation of water surface area in the Khyargas Lake basin_

Year Khyargas Lake area Airag Lake area Gegeen Lake area Satellite imagery considered in the analysis
[ha]
1991 137,482 13,190 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19910811_20170125_01_T1
1992 137,726 13,419 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19920813_20170122_01_T1
1993 138,084 16,501 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19930816_20170117_01_T1
1994 139,201 17,811 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19940718_20170114_01_T1
1995 139,913 19,295 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19950822_20170107_01_T1
1996 140,011 19,319 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19960621_20170104_01_T1
1997 139,967 19,039 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19970827_20161230_01_T1
1998 140,105 19,064 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19980611_20161224_01_T1
1999 140,317 18,266 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_19990716_20161217_01_T1
2000 139,728 18,023 0.00 LE07_L1TP_140026_20000827_20170210_01_T1
2001 140,007 17,859 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_20010806_20161210_01_T1
2002 139,699 17,562 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_20020809_20161207_01_T1
2003 139,697 17,392 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_20030727_20161205_01_T1
2004 139,629 17,272 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_20040713_20161130_01_T1
2005 139,349 16,901 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_20050817_20161124_01_T1
2006 139,347 16,545 0.00 LT05_L1TP_140026_20060719_20161120_01_T1
*LT05_L1TP_138027_20060619_20161121_01_T1
2007 139,124 15,923 89 LT05_L1TP_140026_20070823_20161112_01_T1
*LT05_L1TP_138027_20070825_20161111_01_T1
2008 138,609 15,125 1521 LT05_L1TP_140026_20080809_20161030_01_T1
*LT05_L1TP_138027_20080811_20161030_01_T1
2009 138,144 14,331 1801 LT05_L1TP_140026_20090711_20161024_01_T1
*LT05_L1TP_138027_20090713_20161023_01_T1
2010 138,167 13,808 3235 LT05_L1TP_140026_20100730_20161014_01_T1
*LT05_L1TP_138027_20100716_20161014_01_T1
2011 137,571 13,314 4749 LT05_L1TP_140026_20110818_20161007_01_T1
*LT05_L1TP_137028_20110728_20161008_01_T1
2012 137,453 13,096 4540 LE07_L1TP_140026_20120711_20161130_01_T1
*LE07_L1TP_138027_20120814_20161129_01_T1
2013 136,661 12,429 4431 LC08_L1TP_140026_20130823_20170502_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_137028_20130701_20170503_01_T1
2014 136,428 11,992 4729 LC08_L1TP_140026_20140826_20170420_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_138027_20140812_20170420_01_T1
2015 136,130 11,524 4363 LC08_L1TP_140026_20150813_20170406_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_137028_20150808_20180524_01_T1
2016 136,300 12,108 5297 LC08_L1TP_140026_20160714_20170323_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_137028_20160810_20170322_01_T1
2017 136,477 11,877 4715 LC08_L1TP_140026_20170717_20170727_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_137028_20170712_20170726_01_T1
2018 136,298 11,585 4251 LC08_L1TP_140026_20180821_20180829_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_137028_20180816_20180829_01_T1
2019 136,263 11,556 4710 LC08_L1TP_140026_20190824_20190903_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_138027_20190826_20190903_01_T1
2020 137,064 11,529 3797 LE07_L1TP_140026_20200818_20200913_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_138027_20200727_20200807_01_T1
2021 136,545 12,904 4686 LC08_L1TP_140026_20210813_20210819_01_T1
*LC08_L1TP_137028_20210824_20210831_01_T1
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