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A LabVIEW-based electrical bioimpedance spectroscopic data interpreter (LEBISDI) for biological tissue impedance analysis and equivalent circuit modelling

Tushar Kanti Bera
Tushar Kanti Bera
, 
Nagaraju Jampana
Nagaraju Jampana
 and 
Gilles Lubineau
Gilles Lubineau
   | Dec 04, 2016
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Article Category: Tutorial Article
Published Online: Dec 04, 2016
Page range: 35 - 54
Received: Jun 14, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5617/jeb.2978
Keywords
© 2016 Tushar Kanti Bera, Nagaraju Jampana and Gilles Lubineau, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig.1

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies using the two-probe and four-probe technique. (a) EIS measurements with an impedance analyzer using two-electrode method. (b) EIS measurements with an impedance analyzer using four-electrode method. (c) Current injection and voltage measurement using the four-probe method of the impedance measurement system.
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies using the two-probe and four-probe technique. (a) EIS measurements with an impedance analyzer using two-electrode method. (b) EIS measurements with an impedance analyzer using four-electrode method. (c) Current injection and voltage measurement using the four-probe method of the impedance measurement system.

Fig.2

Nyquist plots for different circuit combinations. (a) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing a resistor r and a capacitor C in series, (b) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing a resistor Rp and a capacitor Cp in parallel (Rp||Cp), (c) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing two sub-circuit blocks with a series resistance of Rs and the parallel combination of Rp and a capacitor Cp (Rp||Cp) (d) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing three sub-circuit blocks with a series resistance of Rs, (Rp1||Cp1) and (Rp2 || Cp2). (e) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing two sub-circuit blocks, (Rp1||Cp1) and ((Rp2+ Warburg impedance (W)) || Cp2), connected in series.
Nyquist plots for different circuit combinations. (a) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing a resistor r and a capacitor C in series, (b) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing a resistor Rp and a capacitor Cp in parallel (Rp||Cp), (c) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing two sub-circuit blocks with a series resistance of Rs and the parallel combination of Rp and a capacitor Cp (Rp||Cp) (d) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing three sub-circuit blocks with a series resistance of Rs, (Rp1||Cp1) and (Rp2 || Cp2). (e) Nyquist plots for a circuit combination containing two sub-circuit blocks, (Rp1||Cp1) and ((Rp2+ Warburg impedance (W)) || Cp2), connected in series.

Fig.3

Nyquist plots of circuit combinations containing two sub-circuit blocks: one with series resistance, Rs, and another containing a CPE in parallel with resistance Rp (Rp || CPE).
Nyquist plots of circuit combinations containing two sub-circuit blocks: one with series resistance, Rs, and another containing a CPE in parallel with resistance Rp (Rp || CPE).

Fig.4

Equivalent electrical circuit modeling of animal cells. (a) An isolated animal cell and the electrical equivalence of the intracellular fluids (ICF), extracellular fluids (ECF) and the cell membrane (CM). (b) An equivalent electrical circuit model of an isolated animal cell surrounded by ECF.
Equivalent electrical circuit modeling of animal cells. (a) An isolated animal cell and the electrical equivalence of the intracellular fluids (ICF), extracellular fluids (ECF) and the cell membrane (CM). (b) An equivalent electrical circuit model of an isolated animal cell surrounded by ECF.

Fig.5

Equivalent electrical circuit modeling of plant cells. (a) The anatomy of an isolated plant cell showing intracellular fluids (ICF), extracellular fluids (ECF), the cell membrane (CM) and cell wall (CW). (b) An equivalent electrical circuit model of an isolated plant cell without considering tonoplast capacitance.
Equivalent electrical circuit modeling of plant cells. (a) The anatomy of an isolated plant cell showing intracellular fluids (ICF), extracellular fluids (ECF), the cell membrane (CM) and cell wall (CW). (b) An equivalent electrical circuit model of an isolated plant cell without considering tonoplast capacitance.

Fig.6

(a-d) Simulated circuit models developed with different electronic components and different circuit combinations of computer-simulated electrical impedance data. (e-f) Real circuit models developed with different circuit combinations of real electronic circuit components used for impedance data generation with an impedance analyzer.
(a-d) Simulated circuit models developed with different electronic components and different circuit combinations of computer-simulated electrical impedance data. (e-f) Real circuit models developed with different circuit combinations of real electronic circuit components used for impedance data generation with an impedance analyzer.

Fig.7

EIS data collection with the four-probe method using an impedance analyzer. (a) A schematic of the electronic circuit elements in the EIS data collection using the QuadTech7600 impedance analyzer. (b) A schematic of EIS data collection from fruit and vegetable tissues.
EIS data collection with the four-probe method using an impedance analyzer. (a) A schematic of the electronic circuit elements in the EIS data collection using the QuadTech7600 impedance analyzer. (b) A schematic of EIS data collection from fruit and vegetable tissues.

Fig.8

EIS studies on fruits and vegetables using the QuadTech7600 impedance analyzer and ECG electrodes. (a) The ECG electrode-based four-electrode array (EE-FEA) used for EIS studies on fruits and vegetables. (b) EIS studies on fruits and vegetables using the QuadTech7600 impedance analyzer.
EIS studies on fruits and vegetables using the QuadTech7600 impedance analyzer and ECG electrodes. (a) The ECG electrode-based four-electrode array (EE-FEA) used for EIS studies on fruits and vegetables. (b) EIS studies on fruits and vegetables using the QuadTech7600 impedance analyzer.

Fig.9

The LabVIEW-based GUI of the LEBISDI and impedance data loaded in LEBISDI. (a) GUI of LEBISDI and (b) the Nyquist plot obtained in LEBISDI after loading real and imaginary impedance data.
The LabVIEW-based GUI of the LEBISDI and impedance data loaded in LEBISDI. (a) GUI of LEBISDI and (b) the Nyquist plot obtained in LEBISDI after loading real and imaginary impedance data.

Fig. 10

Nyquist plots obtained from computer simulations on CCM in the Matlab-based impedance data generator.
Nyquist plots obtained from computer simulations on CCM in the Matlab-based impedance data generator.

Fig. 11

Nyquist plots of simulated impedance data loaded in the GUI of LEBISDI.
Nyquist plots of simulated impedance data loaded in the GUI of LEBISDI.

Fig. 12

Nyquist plots of simulated (capacitive) impedance loaded in LEBISDI after fitting.
Nyquist plots of simulated (capacitive) impedance loaded in LEBISDI after fitting.

Fig. 13

Nyquist plots of simulated (inductive) impedance data loaded in LEBISDI after fitting.
Nyquist plots of simulated (inductive) impedance data loaded in LEBISDI after fitting.

Fig.14

Interpretation of the impedance data obtained from real electronic circuit combinations (RCMs) using LEBISDI. (a) Data interpretation for RCM 1, which was a parallel combination of a 1 kΩ resistor and a 0.1 μF capacitor. (b) Data interpretation for RCM 2, which was a parallel combination of a 2 kΩ resistor and a 0.1 μF capacitor.
Interpretation of the impedance data obtained from real electronic circuit combinations (RCMs) using LEBISDI. (a) Data interpretation for RCM 1, which was a parallel combination of a 1 kΩ resistor and a 0.1 μF capacitor. (b) Data interpretation for RCM 2, which was a parallel combination of a 2 kΩ resistor and a 0.1 μF capacitor.

Fig.15

Impedance data fitting and analysis in LEBISDI for a cucumber. (a) Before fitting: data loaded. (b) After fitting: data calculated.
Impedance data fitting and analysis in LEBISDI for a cucumber. (a) Before fitting: data loaded. (b) After fitting: data calculated.

Fig. 16

Impedance data fitting and analysis in LEBISDI for a carrot. (a) Before fitting: data loaded. (b) After fitting: data calculated.
Impedance data fitting and analysis in LEBISDI for a carrot. (a) Before fitting: data loaded. (b) After fitting: data calculated.

Fig. 17

Impedance data fitting and analysis in LEBISDI for a bottle gourd. (a) Before fitting: data loaded. (b) After fitting: data calculated.
Impedance data fitting and analysis in LEBISDI for a bottle gourd. (a) Before fitting: data loaded. (b) After fitting: data calculated.

Fig. 18

Analysis of the variation in the impedance data obtained from the impedance parameter in LEBISDI for a green banana (a) before and (b) after boiling.
Analysis of the variation in the impedance data obtained from the impedance parameter in LEBISDI for a green banana (a) before and (b) after boiling.

Fig. 19

Impedance plots obtained for a cucumber over a 22-day storage period using a LEBISDI to show the variation in the impedance parameters for naturally stored vegetables: (a) day 1, (b) day 4, (c) day 7, (d) day 10, (e) day 13, (f) day 16, (g) day 19 and (h) day 22.
Impedance plots obtained for a cucumber over a 22-day storage period using a LEBISDI to show the variation in the impedance parameters for naturally stored vegetables: (a) day 1, (b) day 4, (c) day 7, (d) day 10, (e) day 13, (f) day 16, (g) day 19 and (h) day 22.

Impedance data obtained from LEBISDI for a cucumber, a carrot and a bottle gourd.

ParametersCucumberCarrotBottle Gourd
r19.17 Ω-11.68 Ω57.38 Ω
R1437.05 Ω1838.85 Ω2115.34 Ω
C0.34 μF0.08 μF0.17 μF
XMax-463.13 Ω-583.07 Ω-636.83 Ω
fc4204.70 Hz14427 Hz6086.60 Hz
θCPE19.26°20.16°20.93°
n0.790.780.77

Comparison of impedance parameters calculated from the impedance data estimation in LEBISDI for cucumber sample studied over a 22-day period.

Dayr (Ω)R(Ω)C (μF)XMax (Ω)Fc (Hz)θCPEn
119.171437.050.34-4631324204.7019.26°0.79
412.431660.370.30-529.344204.7019.94°0.78
7-0.261940.840.29-617.503717.0020.27°0.78
10-6.142190.620.26-698.483717.0020.34°0.78
13-14.742289.290.22-723.664204.7020.81°0.77
16-29.272385.080.22-735.054204.7022.09°0.75
19-37.052447.670.21-735.374204.7022.98°0.75
22-45.292698.610.19-819.454204.7022.76°0.75

Impedance parameters and errors calculated by LEBISDI for the inductive circuit models (ICM) studied.

SCMFrequency (f)Rp(Ω)Lp(H)Error RpError Lp
SCM 510-2MHz499.9809.85E-40.0032 %1.496 %
SCM 610-2MHz999.9719.70E-40.0031 %1.497 %

Comparison of actual impedance data and the data obtained from LEBISDI for RCM 1 containing a 1 kΩ resistor and a 0.1 μF capacitor in parallel.

ValuesResistor (Ω)Capacitor (μF)
Original1000.000.10
Calculated0996.520.10
Error0.348 %0.0885%

Impedance parameters and errors calculated by LEBISDI for the capacitive circuit models (CCM) studied.

SCMFrequency (f)Rp(Ω)Cp(F)Error RpError Cp
SCM 110-1kHz0999.971.01E-060.0027 %0.937 %
SCM 210-2MHz0999.819.99E-100.0187 %0.068 %
SCM 310-2MHz9998.129.99E-080.0188 %0.068 %
SCM 410-10kHz1000.039.94E-080.0030 %0.569 %

Comparison of actual impedance data and the data obtained from LEBISDI for RCM 2 containing a 2 kΩ resistor and a 0.1 μF capacitor in parallel.

ValuesResistorCapacitor
Original2000.00 Ω0.10 μF
Calculated1993.27 Ω0.10 μF
Error0.335 %4.993%

Comparison of the impedance parameters obtained from the impedance data estimation in LEBISDI for a green banana before and after boiling.

ParametersUnboiledBoiled
r-354.08 Ω309.04 Ω
R9382.64 Ω150.66 Ω
C0.048 μF0.05 μF
XMax-2412.03 Ω-46.00 Ω
fc6896.98 Hz286206 Hz
θCPE28.26°4.379°
n0.690.959
eISSN:
1891-5469
Language:
English
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Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Engineering, Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Electronics, Life Sciences, Biophysics, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, Spectroscopy and Metrology
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