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Nanoparticles in therapeutic applications and role of albumin and casein nanoparticles in cancer therapy

Amrit Rai
Amrit Rai
, 
Josphine Jenifer
Josphine Jenifer
 and 
Ravi Theaj Prakash Upputuri
Ravi Theaj Prakash Upputuri
   | Aug 31, 2017
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Article Category: Review Article
Published Online: Aug 31, 2017
Page range: 3 - 20
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.1101.534
Keywords
© 2017 Amrit Rai, Josphine Jenifer, Ravi Theaj Prakash Upputuri
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Protein nanoparticles formed by a crosslinking procedure. Reproduced from Warangkana Lohcharoenkal, Liying Wang, Yi Charlie Chen, and Yon Rojanasakul. Protein nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. BioMed Research International. 2014, Article ID 180549, 12 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/180549 (reference [6]) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license.
Protein nanoparticles formed by a crosslinking procedure. Reproduced from Warangkana Lohcharoenkal, Liying Wang, Yi Charlie Chen, and Yon Rojanasakul. Protein nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. BioMed Research International. 2014, Article ID 180549, 12 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/180549 (reference [6]) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license.

Figure 2

Process involved in coacervation for the preparation of nanoparticles and crosslinking the particles using glutaraldehyde. Reproduced from Julien Nicolas, Simona Mura, Davide Brambilla, Nicolas Mackiewicz and Patrick Couvreur. Design, functionalization strategies and biomedical applications of targeted biodegradable/biocompatible polymer-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013; 42(3):1147-1235 (reference [40] http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35265F) with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
Process involved in coacervation for the preparation of nanoparticles and crosslinking the particles using glutaraldehyde. Reproduced from Julien Nicolas, Simona Mura, Davide Brambilla, Nicolas Mackiewicz and Patrick Couvreur. Design, functionalization strategies and biomedical applications of targeted biodegradable/biocompatible polymer-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013; 42(3):1147-1235 (reference [40] http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35265F) with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.

Figure 3

Emulsion diffusion method (protein encapsulated into the oil diffuses out and found in the outer water phase, to form harder particles). Reproduced from Yichao Wang, Puwang Li, Thao Truong-Dinh Tran, Juan Zhang, and Lingxue Kong. Manufacturing techniques and surface engineering of polymer based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to cancer. Nanomaterials 2016; 6(2):26 (reference [42] http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano 6020026) under a Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) license.
Emulsion diffusion method (protein encapsulated into the oil diffuses out and found in the outer water phase, to form harder particles). Reproduced from Yichao Wang, Puwang Li, Thao Truong-Dinh Tran, Juan Zhang, and Lingxue Kong. Manufacturing techniques and surface engineering of polymer based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to cancer. Nanomaterials 2016; 6(2):26 (reference [42] http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano 6020026) under a Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) license.

Figure 4

Emulsion evaporation method (emulsification of protein solution into water (O/W emulsion is oil-in-water) and removal of solvent from the polymeric solution). Reproduced from Yichao Wang, Puwang Li, Thao Truong-Dinh Tran, Juan Zhang, and Lingxue Kong. Manufacturing techniques and surface engineering of polymer based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to cancer. Nanomaterials 2016, 6(2), 26 (reference [42] http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano6020026) under a Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) license.
Emulsion evaporation method (emulsification of protein solution into water (O/W emulsion is oil-in-water) and removal of solvent from the polymeric solution). Reproduced from Yichao Wang, Puwang Li, Thao Truong-Dinh Tran, Juan Zhang, and Lingxue Kong. Manufacturing techniques and surface engineering of polymer based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to cancer. Nanomaterials 2016, 6(2), 26 (reference [42] http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano6020026) under a Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) license.

Figure 5

Electrospray method produces solid particles by solvent evaporation. Reproduced from Radhakrishnan Sridhar and Seeram Ramakrishna. Electrosprayed nanoparticles for drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications. Biomatter. 2013; 3(3): article e24281, (reference [43] http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/biomatter.24281) under a under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Unported License.
Electrospray method produces solid particles by solvent evaporation. Reproduced from Radhakrishnan Sridhar and Seeram Ramakrishna. Electrosprayed nanoparticles for drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications. Biomatter. 2013; 3(3): article e24281, (reference [43] http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/biomatter.24281) under a under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Unported License.

Figure 6

Nanoprecipitation method. The polymer solution is dissolved and injected into water under sonication, the nanoparticles are separated from solvents by evaporation (90°C). Reproduced from Yang-Hsiang Chan and Pei-Jing Wu. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as fluorescent probes for biological imaging and sensing. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2015; 32:11-28 (reference [49] http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201400123) with permission from John Wiley and Sons © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Nanoprecipitation method. The polymer solution is dissolved and injected into water under sonication, the nanoparticles are separated from solvents by evaporation (90°C). Reproduced from Yang-Hsiang Chan and Pei-Jing Wu. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as fluorescent probes for biological imaging and sensing. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2015; 32:11-28 (reference [49] http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201400123) with permission from John Wiley and Sons © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Figure 7

Complex coacervation method procedure and complex binding to DNA strand to form crosslinked nanoparticles. Reproduced from Warangkana Lohcharoenkal, Liying Wang, Yi Charlie Chen, and Yon Rojanasakul. Protein nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. BioMed Research International. 2014: article ID 180549, 12 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/180549 (reference [6]) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license.
Complex coacervation method procedure and complex binding to DNA strand to form crosslinked nanoparticles. Reproduced from Warangkana Lohcharoenkal, Liying Wang, Yi Charlie Chen, and Yon Rojanasakul. Protein nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. BioMed Research International. 2014: article ID 180549, 12 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/180549 (reference [6]) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license.

Various methods involved in synthesis of protein nanoparticles

Synthesis No.MethodList of protein nanoparticles synthesizedReferences
1.Desolvation/CoacervationCasein, albumin (HSA, BSA), beta-lactoglobulin and elastin derived particles[6, 48]
2.EmulsionAlbumin (HSA, BSA), whey protein[6, 48, 44]
3.ElectrosprayGliadin, elastin-like peptide, albumin and gelatin[6, 43]
4.NanoprecipitationGliadin and some enzymes like chymotrypsin, lysozyme[51, 52]
5.Complex CoacervationGelatin and human serum albumin[6]
6.DialysisLysozyme, therapeutic protein (TGF-β 1)[47]

Drugs loaded into casein and albumin nanoparticles and their role in targeting cancers

Protein nanoparticleDrugs loaded into the nanoparticlesRole of nanoparticlesReferences
CaseinCisplatinAntitumor activity, they have ability to the penetrate the cell membrane, targets and inhibit tumor growth[75]
CurcuminAntioxidant activity, enhanced anticancer activity on leukemia cells[76]
Paclitaxel and tariquidarTo treat the multidrug resistance gastric cancer[77]
Paclitaxel and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)EGCG enhances the paclitaxel at the tumor site, with low toxicity to cells[81]
Platinum (Pt(II) complex)To treat the gastrointestinal cancer[83]
AlbuminMetforminTo treat type II diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer[86, 87]
AlbendazoleStrongly inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor. Highly toxic to ovarian cancer cells and less toxic to healthy cells,[88]
GemcitabineTo treat pancreatic cancer, by inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, control drug release at tumor site[89]
Paclitaxel and docetaxelPotent anticancer drug formulation, with less toxicity[90]
RapamycinControl and inhibit the cancer cell growth by controlling the signal pathway during abnormal cell growth[91]
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