Variables | Tramadol (T) (n = 67) | Ketamine (K) (n = 70) | Placebo (P) (n = 70) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 44 (12.7) | 47 (12.8) | 46.8 (11.2) |
Sex | |||
Male | 12 (18%) | 14 (20%) | 14 (20%) |
Female | 55 (82%) | 56 (80%) | 56 (80%) |
Weight (kg) | 61.2 (11.7) | 60.7 (10.6) | 59.5 (13.3) |
Height (cm) | 159 (7.2) | 160 (6.6) | 160.3 (7.9) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 (3.9) | 23.8 (4.0) | 23.1 (4.5) |
Type of surgery | |||
Laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery | 5 (8%) | 8 (11%) | 2 (3%) |
Laparoscopic lower abdominal surgery | 11 (16%) | 9 (13%) | 9 (13%) |
Laparoscopic uterine surgery | 20 (30%) | 17 (24%) | 25 (36%) |
Laparoscopic ovarian surgery | 18 (27%) | 22 (31%) | 14 (20%) |
Laparoscopic nephrectomy/ adrenalectomy | 13 (19%) | 14 (20%) | 20 (29%) |
Underlying hypertension | 11 (16%) | 13 (19%) | 19 (27%) |
Administration of COX-2 inhibitor | 18 (27%) | 9 (13%) | 15 (21%) |
Duration of surgery (min) | 130 (52.6) | 117 (49.4) | 113.8 (55.1) |
Intraoperative fentanyl administration (mg/h) | 45 (35.1) | 53 (30.8) | 55.0 (37.9) |
Time | Tramadol (n = 67) | Ketamine (n = 70) | Placebo (n = 70) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall incidence | 12 (18%) | 26 (37%) | 24 (34%) | 0.03 Statistical significance between the three groups (chi-square test) |
0h | 1 (2%) | 3 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 0.62 |
1 h | 3 (5%) | 9 (13%) | 3 (4%) | 0.1 |
2h | 2 (3%) | 8 (11%) | 2 (3%) | 0.06 |
6h | 4 (6%) | 12 (17%) | 5 (7%) | 0.06 |
24 h | 7 (10%) Statistical significance compared with ketamine ( | 21 (30%) | 24 (34%) | 0.003 Statistical significance between the three groups (chi-square test) |
Adverse effect | Tramadol n = 67 | Ketamine n = 70 | Placebon = 70 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sedation level | 0.29 | |||
1 | 28 (42%) | 22 (31%) | 27 (39%) | |
2 | 39 (58%) | 45 (64%) | 42 (60%) | |
3 | 0 | 3 (4%) | 1 (1%) | |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
PONV | 0.06 | |||
Queasy | 10 (15%) | 8 (11%) | 15 (21%) | |
Severe nausea | 6 (9.%) | 18 (26%) | 10 (14%) | |
Vomiting | 16 (24%) | 11 (16%) | 3 (4%) | |
Blurred vision | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0.77 |
Respiratory depression | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Hallucination | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Postoperative hypertension | 22 (33%) | 23 (33%) | 28 (40%) | 0.60 |
Postoperative tachycardia | 5 (8%) | 3 (4%) | 0 | 0.07 |