Bolus Feeding Via Gastric Versus Oral Routes in Very Preterm Neonates
, and | Feb 27, 2024
About this article
Article Category: Original paper
Published Online: Feb 27, 2024
Page range: 1 - 7
Received: Jun 16, 2023
Accepted: Dec 01, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20242801.d-23-00060
Keywords
© 2024 Rita P. Verma et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Correlations (r2) between the feeding methods and three outcome variables.
| 1. LOH | 1 | |||||
| 2. DOL to reach 2200g of BW | 0.87 |
1 | ||||
| 3. DOL when gavage feeding was started | 0.36 |
0.37 |
1 | 0.40 |
||
| 4. DOL when nipple feed was started | 0.88 |
0.81 |
0.38 |
1 | 0.83 | |
| 5. DOL of full gavage & nipple feeds | 0.83 |
0.80 |
1 | |||
| 6. DOL of full nipple feeds | 0.88 |
0.86 |
0.39 |
0.84 |
0.84 |
1 |
Maternal and neonatal clinical characteristics. (Data presented as mean (SD) for numerical and number (%) for categorical variables).
| Gestational age (weeks) | 30.6 (1.9) |
| Birthweight (grams) | 1,482 (43.9) |
| Male | 65 (51.2) |
| Non-Caucasian | 84 (66.1) |
| Apgar at five minutes of life | 7.8 (1.2) |
| Total number of days on antibiotics | 5.2 (4.8) |
| Oxygen or positive pressure therapy | 102 (80.3) |
| PDA | 18 (14.2) |
| NEC | 2 (1.6) |
| Maternal hypertension | 43 (34.5) |
| Maternal diabetes mellitus | 14 (10.9) |
| Antenatal steroids | 117 (92.1) |
| Antenatal magnesium sulfate | 108 (85.7) |
| Antenatal antibiotics | 74 (64.2) |
| NPO days | 4.7 (4.2) |
| Total days on intravenous fluids-nutrition | 18.1 (13.49) |
| DOL when any feeding was started | 3.4 (1.97) |
| DOL when gastric bolus feeding was started | 3.6 (2.18) |
| DOL when nipple feeding was started | 14.2 (14.52) |
| GA, when nipple feeding was started | 32.4 (1.18) |
| DOL when full nipple feeding was achieved | 25.7 (18.96) |
| Colostrum intake | 80 (62.9) |
| Maternal breast milk intake | 93 (73.2) |
| Daily weight gain | 22.6 (6.85) |
| Length of hospitalization (days) (LOH) | 44.8 (20.7) |
| Days to reach 2200 grams of body weight (Wt22) | 36.1 (17.8) |
| Day of life when full feeding achieved (gastric and nipple feeding combined) (FEN) | 18.8 (12.3) |
Associations between clinical and nutrition supplementation variables with DOL to achieve full enteral feeding (FEN) via linear regression analysis.
| Gestational age (weeks) | −5.39 (0.33) |
−1.06 (0.52) |
| Birthweight (g) | −0.03 (0.002) |
<0.001 (0.002) |
| Male gender | 0.92 (2.47) | – |
| Non-Caucasian ethnicity | −0.85 (2.60) | – |
| Apgar score at five minutes of life | −4.45 (0.90) |
0.24 (0.45) |
| Days on antibiotics | 22.53 (3.05) |
1.87 (1.95) |
| Oxygen or positive pressure therapy | 15.52 (3.44) |
−3.45 (1.89) |
| PDA | 14.81 (3.47) |
1.44 (1.78) |
| NPO days | 15.12 (1.94) |
4.30 (1.23)** |
| Colostrum intake | 6.66 (2.63) |
−1.63 (1.17) |
| Maternal breast milk intake | 4.98 (2.91) | |
| Total days on intravenous fluid-nutrition | 35.48 (1.90) |
14.48 (2.97) |
| DOL when gastric bolus feed started | 2.60 (0.52) |
0.29 (0.36) |
| DOL when nipple feeding started | 0.81 (0.05) |
0.22 (0.07)** |
| GA, when nipple feeding was started | −0.57 (1.05) | – |
| DOL of achieving full nipple feeding | 0.62 (0.04) |
0.14 (0.06) |
| Daily weight gain (grams) | −3.73 (10.31) | – |
| Intercept | – | 27.29 (17.52) |
Associations between clinical and nutrition supplementation variables with number of days to reach 2,200 g (Wt22) via linear regression analysis.
| Gestational age | −7.28 (0. 15) |
−0.13 (0.49) |
| Birthweight (g) | −0.04 (0.001) |
−0.03 (0.002) |
| Male gender | 1.08 (3.18) | – |
| Non-Caucasian ethnicity | 0.94 (3.36) | – |
| Apgar score at five minutes of life | −4.84 (1.25) |
−0.34 (0.43) |
| Days on antibiotics | 22.24 (4.48) |
1.26 (1.83) |
| Oxygen or positive pressure therapy | 21.89 (4.81) |
−0.36 (1.89) |
| PDA | 22.10 (4.81) |
0.24 (1.77) |
| NPO days | 12.54 (2.88) |
1.98 (1.15) |
| Colostrum intake | 10.80 (3.65) |
0.25 (1.16) |
| Maternal breast milk intake | 7.59 (4.06) | – |
| Total days on intravenous fluid-nutrition | 40.84 (3.14) |
2.69 (2.81) |
| DOL when OG bolus feed was started | 2.88 (0.69) |
0.37 (0.33) |
| DOL when nipple feeding started | 1.12 (0.07) |
0.07 (0.08) |
| GA, when nipple feeding was started | −0.47 (1.35) | – |
| DOL of achieving full nipple feeding | 0.87 (0.05) |
0.19 (0.06) |
| Daily weight gain (g) | 6.67 (13.15) | – |
| Intercept | – | 76.56 (16.69) |
Associations between clinical and nutrition supplementation variables and the length of hospitalization (LOH) via linear regression analysis.
| Gestational age (weeks) | −8.84 (0.55) |
−0.87 (0.77) |
| Birthweight (g) | −0.04 (0.003) |
−0.02 (0.003) |
| Male gender | 3.27 (3.69) | – |
| Non-Caucasian ethnicity | 3.92 (3.89) | – |
| Apgar at five minutes of life | −4.99 (1.47) |
1.10 (0.67) |
| Days on antibiotics | 32.39 (4.92) |
6.57 (2.89) |
| Oxygen or positive pressure therapy | 24.99 (5.31) |
−0.3 (2.65) |
| PDA | 23.87 (5.36) |
−0.68 (2.51) |
| Colostrum intake | 12.26 (4.04) |
1.29 (1.90) |
| Maternal breast milk intake | 8.90 (4.50) |
−0.87 (2.04) |
| NPO days | 38.67 (5.17) |
1.07 (3.89) |
| Total days on intravenous fluid-nutrition | 48.63 (3.54) |
5.08 (4.44) |
| DOL gastric bolus feed started | 3.25 (0.81) |
−0.33 (0.52) |
| DOL when nipple feeding was started | 1.37 (0.08) |
0.29 (0.12) |
| GA when nipple feeding was started | −0.39 (1.57) | – |
| DOL when full nipple feeding achieved | 1.05 (0.05) |
0.38 (0.10) |
| Daily weight gain (g) | 16.09 (15.25) | – |
| Intercept | – | 60.07 (26.35) |