Open Access

A Comprehensive Review on Hot Ambient Temperature and its Impacts on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Shanmugam Rekha
Shanmugam Rekha
, 
Sirala Jagadeesh Nalini
Sirala Jagadeesh Nalini
, 
Srinivasan Bhuvana
Srinivasan Bhuvana
, 
S. Kanmani
S. Kanmani
 and 
Venugopal Vidhya
Venugopal Vidhya
   | Jun 27, 2023
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Article Category: Review
Published Online: Jun 27, 2023
Page range: 10 - 20
Received: Aug 28, 2022
Accepted: Dec 18, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/jmotherandchild.20232701.d-22-00051
Keywords
© 2023 Shanmugam Rekha et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection process.
PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection process.

Summary of study characteristics, significance within individual study findings

S.No. Author, Year Location Study Design Causal factor Maternal outcome Fetal outcome Exposure window Concluding remarks
Studies conducted among non-working pregnant women
1. Sun et al., 2019 [83] United States (403 countries) Retrospective cohort study Extreme heat - PTB 35 Weeks Higher number of heat days associated with higher risk of PTB.
2. Shashar, et al., 2020 [48] Unites States Cohort study Temperature Preeclampsia - 1 or 3 rd trimester Warm seasons are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
3. Van Zutphen et al., 2012 [38] United States case–control study Heat exposure Multiple birth LBW, PTB Weeks 4–7 Multiple ambient heat exposure indicates occurrence of LBW, PTB & congenital cataracts.
4. Zhang et al., 2019 [64] United States case–control study Heat exposure - Fetal malformations, Congenital heart diseases 3–8 weeks post conception Summer may see an increase in the burden of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD).
5. Auger et al. 2014 [8] Montreal, Canada Retrospective cohort study Hot ambient temperature - Early birth 1 week prior to delivery Exposure to very high ambient temperatures may decrease the gestational duration of warmer months pregnancies.
6. Basu et al. 2010 [84] California, USA Case crossover Ambient temperature Chronic infections and hypertension PTB 1 week prior to delivery The apparent temperature and premature delivery rates are higher during the warm season.
7. Kent et al. 2014 [85] Alabama, USA Case crossover Heat wave - PTB 1 week prior to delivery Heat wave days were associated with PTB.
8. Kloog et al. 2015 [86] Massachusetts, USA Time series Air Temperature - PTB, LBW Full gestation Increases in ambient temperature were linked with a reduction in gestational age.
9. Kloog et al. 2018 [74] Southern Israel Time series Temperature - PTB Full gestation Temperatures as predicted by predictive modelling and risk is high (PTB)
10. Basu et al., 2017 [87] Northern California, USA Case crossover increased heat percent change per 10°F (5.6°C) increase in apparent temperature - PTB Full gestation Warm season has a higher risk than the cold season.
11. Basu et al., 2018 [88] California, USA Time series Extreme temperature - LBW First and third trimester All results are shown as a percentage change in the OR of LBW with a temperature rise of 10°F.
12. He et al. 2016 [89] Guangzhou, China Time series Ambient Temperature - PTB Full gestation Pregnancy-related exposure to both low and high temperatures was linked with an increased risk of PTB.
13. Dadvandet al. 2011 [90] Barcelona, Spain Time series Extreme heat - Early birth 1 week prior to delivery Average gestational age of birth reduces after maternal exposure to severe HI episodes.
14. Dadvand et al. 2014 [75] Barcelona, Spain Time series heat exposures - LBW Full gestation Increased risk of term LBW associated with heat exposure.
15. Vicedo-Cabrera et al. 2015 [91] Stockholm, Sweden Time series Heat - PTB 4 weeks prior to delivery Exposure to moderate heat during the last month of pregnancy increases the chance of PTB.
16. Strand et al. 2012 [9] Brisbane, Australia Time series High temperatures Maternal hyperthermia Early birth, PTB, still birth, abortion 4 weeks prior to delivery The risk of stillbirth was similarly increased when the past four weeks of temperature exposure were used instead of the most recent week.
17. Mathew et al. 2017 [92] Alice Springs, Australia, Brandenburg and Saxony Time series Ambient Temperature - PTB 3 weeks prior to delivery Temperature values have an impact on the consequences and risks of preterm birth at both the lowest and maximum temperatures.
18. Asamoah et al., 2018 [30] Multi-country representative survey A cross-sectional study High ambient temperature Miscarriage Still birth, Congenital abnormalities Yearly average and monthly average for second month of pregnancy Environmental heat exposures may be associated with APOs.
19. Lyndsay A. Avalos [93] Northern California case-crossover study Warmer season - Pre-Term birth Full gestation Evidence for an increase in the odds of spontaneous PTD associated with increases in apparent temperature.
20. Jeroen de Bont et al., 2022 [94] Sweden Case-crossover, Ambient temperature d - preterm birth Full gestation Higher ambient temperature demonstrated increased risk of extremely preterm birth
Studies conducted among working pregnant women
21. Flocks et al., 2013 [95] Hispanic and Haitian nursery Cross sectional study Heat Dizziness, Pre-Existing high and low blood pressure, Nausea, Vomiting, sun stroke, Feverish, Dehydration Fetus become agitated, increased fetal heart rates, Increased fetal movement - Heat exposure can adversely affect pregnancy and fetal health.
22. Rahman et al., 2016 [10] Bangladesh Cross sectional study Heat stress Increase body temperature Fetal destruction or Anomaly - Outdoor work during pregnancy in hot, increasing body temperature up to levels that could induce fetal destruction or anomaly.
23. Banerjee, 2009 [37] - Continuing Medical education (CME) Heat stress Dehydration - - Women in various occupations have been found to be at an increased risk of experiencing a fetal death.
eISSN:
2719-535X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Public Health
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