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A Comparison of the Intestinal Fungal Community in Wild and Captive Himalayan Vultures (Gyps himalayensis)

FENG LI

FENG LI

  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai UniversityXining, China
  • College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai UniversityXining, China
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LI, FENG
, 
QUANCHAO CUI

QUANCHAO CUI

State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai UniversityXining, China
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CUI, QUANCHAO
, 
SITONG FAN

SITONG FAN

College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai UniversityXining, China
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FAN, SITONG
, 
HUIWEN LI

HUIWEN LI

College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai UniversityXining, China
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LI, HUIWEN
 and 
WEN WANG

WEN WANG

State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai UniversityXining, China
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WANG, WEN
  
Sep 16, 2025
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Article Category: Original Paper
Published Online: Sep 16, 2025
Page range: 385 - 400
Received: May 28, 2025
Accepted: Aug 12, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2025-033
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© 2025 FENG LI et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

The analysis of the number of OTU in zoo and wild Himalayan vultures. A) A Venn diagram and histogram of the OTU in different groups; B) core species analysis for both groups; C) Wilcoxon rank-sum text for mean OTU richness.
The analysis of the number of OTU in zoo and wild Himalayan vultures. A) A Venn diagram and histogram of the OTU in different groups; B) core species analysis for both groups; C) Wilcoxon rank-sum text for mean OTU richness.

Fig.2.

The percent of community fungal richness of zoo and wild Himalayan vultures at the phylum (A) and genus (C) levels, along with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test results at the phylum (B) and genus (D) levels. Among them, unclassified_k__Fungi refers to sequences belonging to the kingdom Fungi that could not be annotated to any known phylum.
The percent of community fungal richness of zoo and wild Himalayan vultures at the phylum (A) and genus (C) levels, along with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test results at the phylum (B) and genus (D) levels. Among them, unclassified_k__Fungi refers to sequences belonging to the kingdom Fungi that could not be annotated to any known phylum.

Fig. 3.

Diversity index of fecal fungal communities in zoo and wild vultures. Ace, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices were used to evaluate the alpha diversity of the fecal fungi.
Diversity index of fecal fungal communities in zoo and wild vultures. Ace, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices were used to evaluate the alpha diversity of the fecal fungi.

Fig. 4.

The Shannon index rarefaction curve.
The Shannon index rarefaction curve.

Fig. 5.

Beta diversity of intestinal fungal communities in zoo and wild Himalayan Vultures. A) The results of PCoA analyses of OTUs; B) average variation degree of the two groups.
Beta diversity of intestinal fungal communities in zoo and wild Himalayan Vultures. A) The results of PCoA analyses of OTUs; B) average variation degree of the two groups.

Fig. 6 A.

A. Univariate correlation network analysis of the top 50 fungi at the genus level in A) zoo and B) wild Himalayan Vultures.B.
A. Univariate correlation network analysis of the top 50 fungi at the genus level in A) zoo and B) wild Himalayan Vultures.B.

Fig. 7.

Univariate correlation network analysis of the top 50 fungi at the genus level in Himalayan Vultures.
Univariate correlation network analysis of the top 50 fungi at the genus level in Himalayan Vultures.

Fig. 8.

Trophic Mode of intestinal fungi in Himalayan Vultures.
Trophic Mode of intestinal fungi in Himalayan Vultures.

Fig. 9.

Functional classification of fungal communities in Himalayan Vultures. A) Fungal function classification of zoo and wild vultures by the FUNGuild tool; B) Wilcoxon rank-sum test between the two groups with 95% confidence.
Functional classification of fungal communities in Himalayan Vultures. A) Fungal function classification of zoo and wild vultures by the FUNGuild tool; B) Wilcoxon rank-sum test between the two groups with 95% confidence.
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, Microbiology and Virology
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