Open Access

Advantages of Syndromic Diagnostics: Detection of the Pathogens Causing Urethritis/Cervicitis with the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit from Vitro S.A.

, , ,  and   
Dec 13, 2024

Cite
Download Cover

Bristow CC, McGrath MR, Cohen AC, Anderson LJ, Gordon KK, Klausner JD. Comparative evaluation of 2 nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at extragenital sites. Sex Transm Dis. 2017 Jul;44(7):398–400. https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000627 Bristow CC McGrath MR Cohen AC Anderson LJ Gordon KK Klausner JD. Comparative evaluation of 2 nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at extragenital sites . Sex Transm Dis . 2017 Jul ; 44 ( 7 ): 398 400 . https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000627 Search in Google Scholar

Caruso G, Giammanco A, Virruso R, Fasciana T. Current and future trends in the laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan;18(3):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031038 Caruso G Giammanco A Virruso R Fasciana T. Current and future trends in the laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections . Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2021 Jan ; 18 ( 3 ): 1038 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031038 Search in Google Scholar

CLSI. User protocol for evaluation of qualitative test performance; approved guideline – second edition. CLSI document EP12-A2. Wayne (USA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008. CLSI . User protocol for evaluation of qualitative test performance; approved guideline – second edition. CLSI document EP12-A2 . Wayne (USA) : Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ; 2008 . Search in Google Scholar

Cordioli M, Gios L, Erbogasto A, Mirandola M, Sandri A, Padovese V, Caceres C, Vargas S, Blondeel K, Silva R, et al.; ProSPeRo Network. Clinic-based evaluation of the dual Xpert CT/NG assay on the GeneXpert System for screening for extragenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections amongst men who have sex with men. BMC Infect Dis. 2024 Feb;24(Suppl 1):224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09042-4 Cordioli M Gios L Erbogasto A Mirandola M Sandri A Padovese V Caceres C Vargas S Blondeel K Silva R et al. ProSPeRo Network . Clinic-based evaluation of the dual Xpert CT/NG assay on the GeneXpert System for screening for extragenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections amongst men who have sex with men . BMC Infect Dis . 2024 Feb ; 24 ( Suppl 1 ): 224 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09042-4 Search in Google Scholar

Cosentino LA, Danby CS, Rabe LK, Macio I, Meyn LA, Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL. Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of extragenital sexually transmitted infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 Sep;55(9):2801–2807. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00616-17 Cosentino LA Danby CS Rabe LK Macio I Meyn LA Wiesenfeld HC Hillier SL. Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of extragenital sexually transmitted infections . J Clin Microbiol . 2017 Sep ; 55 ( 9 ): 2801 2807 . https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00616-17 Search in Google Scholar

de Vries HJC, de Barbeyrac B, de Vrieze NHN, Viset JD, White JA, Vall-Mayans M, Unemo M. 2019 European guideline on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Oct;33(10):1821–1828. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15729 de Vries HJC de Barbeyrac B de Vrieze NHN Viset JD White JA Vall-Mayans M Unemo M. 2019 European guideline on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol . 2019 Oct ; 33 ( 10 ): 1821 1828 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15729 Search in Google Scholar

Dien Bard J, McElvania E. Panels and syndromic testing in clinical microbiology. Clin Lab Med. 2020 Dec;40(4):393–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2020.08.001 Dien Bard J McElvania E. Panels and syndromic testing in clinical microbiology . Clin Lab Med . 2020 Dec ; 40 ( 4 ): 393 420 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2020.08.001 Search in Google Scholar

Dumkow LE, Worden LJ, Rao SN. Syndromic diagnostic testing: A new way to approach patient care in the treatment of infectious diseases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Sep;76(Suppl 3):iii4–iii11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab245 Dumkow LE Worden LJ Rao SN. Syndromic diagnostic testing: A new way to approach patient care in the treatment of infectious diseases . J Antimicrob Chemother . 2021 Sep ; 76 ( Suppl 3 ): iii4 iii11 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab245 Search in Google Scholar

Farfour E, Dimi S, Chassany O, Fouéré S, Valin N, Timsit J, Ghosn J, Duvivier C, Duracinsky M, Zucman D; DRIVER study group. Trends in asymptomatic STI among HIV-positive MSM and lessons for systematic screening. PLoS One. 2021 Jun;16(6):e0250557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250557 Farfour E Dimi S Chassany O Fouéré S Valin N Timsit J Ghosn J Duvivier C Duracinsky M Zucman D DRIVER study group . Trends in asymptomatic STI among HIV-positive MSM and lessons for systematic screening . PLoS One . 2021 Jun ; 16 ( 6 ): e0250557 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250557 Search in Google Scholar

Gnanadurai R, Fifer H. Mycoplasma genitalium: A review. Microbiology. 2020 Jan;166(1):21–29. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000830 Gnanadurai R Fifer H. Mycoplasma genitalium: A review . Microbiology . 2020 Jan ; 166 ( 1 ): 21 29 . https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000830 Search in Google Scholar

Herrmann B, Malm K. Comparison between Abbott m2000 Real-Time and Alinity m STI systems for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;40(10):2217–2220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-04135-9 Herrmann B Malm K. Comparison between Abbott m2000 RealTime and Alinity m STI systems for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma genitalium . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis . 2021 Oct ; 40 ( 10 ): 2217 2220 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-04135-9 Search in Google Scholar

Horner P, Taylor-Robinson D, Pallecaros A, Monnickendam A. Testing for genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Mar;30(3):310–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418820400 Horner P Taylor-Robinson D Pallecaros A Monnickendam A. Testing for genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas . Int J STD AIDS . 2019 Mar ; 30 ( 3 ): 310 311 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418820400 Search in Google Scholar

Jacobsson S, Boiko I, Golparian D, Blondeel K, Kiarie J, Toskin I, Peeling RW, Unemo M. WHO laboratory validation of Xpert® CT/NG and Xpert® TV on the GeneXpert system verifies high performances. APMIS. 2018 Dec;126(12):907–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12902 Jacobsson S Boiko I Golparian D Blondeel K Kiarie J Toskin I Peeling RW Unemo M. WHO laboratory validation of Xpert® CT/NG and Xpert® TV on the GeneXpert system verifies high performances . APMIS . 2018 Dec ; 126 ( 12 ): 907 912 . https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12902 Search in Google Scholar

Jansen K, Steffen G, Potthoff A, Schuppe AK, Beer D, Jessen H, Scholten S, Spornraft-Ragaller P, Bremer V, Tiemann C; MSM Screening Study group. STI in times of PrEP: High prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma at different anatomic sites in men who have sex with men in Germany. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Feb;20(1):110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4831-4 Jansen K Steffen G Potthoff A Schuppe AK Beer D Jessen H Scholten S Spornraft-Ragaller P Bremer V Tiemann C MSM Screening Study group . STI in times of PrEP: High prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma at different anatomic sites in men who have sex with men in Germany . BMC Infect Dis . 2020 Feb ; 20 ( 1 ): 110 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4831-4 Search in Google Scholar

Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H, Wilson J, Unemo M. 2021 European guideline on the management of Mycoplasma genitalium infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 May;36(5): 641–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17972 Jensen JS Cusini M Gomberg M Moi H Wilson J Unemo M. 2021 European guideline on the management of Mycoplasma geni-talium infections . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol . 2022 May ; 36 ( 5 ): 641 650 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17972 Search in Google Scholar

Karellis A, Naeem F, Nair S, Mallya SD, Routy JP, Gahagan J, Yansouni CP, Kim J, Pai NP. Multiplexed rapid technologies for sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review. Lancet Microbe. 2022 Apr;3(4):e303–e315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00191-9 Karellis A Naeem F Nair S Mallya SD Routy JP Gahagan J Yansouni CP Kim J Pai NP. Multiplexed rapid technologies for sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review . Lancet Microbe . 2022 Apr ; 3 ( 4 ): e303 e315 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00191-9 Search in Google Scholar

Kirkconnell B, Weinbaum B, Santos K, Le Nguyen T, Vinluan B, Astete S, Wood GE, Totten PA, Getman DK. Design and validation of transcription-mediated-amplification nucleic acid amplification tests for Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Microbiol. 2019 Jul; 57(8):e00264-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00264-19 Kirkconnell B Weinbaum B Santos K Le Nguyen T Vinluan B Astete S Wood GE Totten PA Getman DK. Design and validation of transcription-mediated-amplification nucleic acid amplification tests for Mycoplasma genitalium . J Clin Microbiol . 2019 Jul ; 57 ( 8 ): e00264 19 . https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00264-19 Search in Google Scholar

Lane AB, Decker CF. Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Dis Mon. 2016 Aug;62(8):269–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.010 Lane AB Decker CF. Chlamydia trachomatis infections . Dis Mon . 2016 Aug ; 62 ( 8 ): 269 73 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.010 Search in Google Scholar

Le Roy C, Le Hen I, Clerc M, Arfel V, Normandin F, Bébéar C, de Barbeyrac B. The first performance report for the Bio-Rad Dx CT/NG/MG assay for simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital samples. J Microbiol Methods. 2012 Jun;89(3):193–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2012.03.009 Le Roy C Le Hen I Clerc M Arfel V Normandin F Bébéar C de Barbeyrac B. The first performance report for the Bio-Rad Dx CT/NG/MG assay for simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital samples . J Microbiol Methods . 2012 Jun ; 89 ( 3 ): 193 197 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2012.03.009 Search in Google Scholar

Le Roy C, Pereyre S, Bébéar C. Evaluation of two commercial real-time PCR assays for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Mar;52(3):971–973. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02567-13 Le Roy C Pereyre S Bébéar C. Evaluation of two commercial real-time PCR assays for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens . J Clin Microbiol . 2014 Mar ; 52 ( 3 ): 971 973 . https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02567-13 Search in Google Scholar

Lee SJ, Park DC, Lee DS, Choe HS, Cho YH. Evaluation of Seeplex® STD6 ACE Detection kit for the diagnosis of six bacterial sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Chemother. 2012 Aug;18(4):494–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-011-0362-7 Lee SJ Park DC Lee DS Choe HS Cho YH. Evaluation of Seeplex® STD6 ACE Detection kit for the diagnosis of six bacterial sexually transmitted infections . J Infect Chemother . 2012 Aug ; 18 ( 4 ): 494 500 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-011-0362-7 Search in Google Scholar

Levy SB, Gunta J, Edemekong P. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Prim Care. 2019 Mar;46(1):157–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2018.10.013 Levy SB Gunta J Edemekong P. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases . Prim Care . 2019 Mar ; 46 ( 1 ): 157 173 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2018.10.013 Search in Google Scholar

Mallik A, Das N, Mukherjee S, Datta S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of different diagnostic procedures to detect gonococcus infection in resource-limited scenario. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2020 Jul–Dec;38(3–4):299–306. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_312 Mallik A Das N Mukherjee S Datta S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of different diagnostic procedures to detect gonococcus infection in resource-limited scenario . Indian J Med Microbiol . 2020 Jul–Dec ; 38 ( 3–4 ): 299 306 . https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_312 Search in Google Scholar

Medhi D, Dutta R, Sarma A, Sarma V, Islam B, Islam R, Saikia L. Low-cost conventional PCR techniques enable simultaneous detection of bacterial sexually transmitted infections with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2024 May–Jun; 49:100592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100592 Medhi D Dutta R Sarma A Sarma V Islam B Islam R Saikia L. Low-cost conventional PCR techniques enable simultaneous detection of bacterial sexually transmitted infections with enhanced sensitivity and specificity . Indian J Med Microbiol . 2024 May–Jun ; 49 : 100592 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100592 Search in Google Scholar

Naeem F, Karellis A, Nair S, Routy JP, Yansouni CP, Kim J, Pai N. Multiplexed technologies for sexually transmitted infections: global evidence on patient-centered and clinical health outcomes. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Jul;6(7):e005670. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005670 Naeem F Karellis A Nair S Routy JP Yansouni CP Kim J Pai N. Multiplexed technologies for sexually transmitted infections: global evidence on patient-centered and clinical health outcomes . BMJ Glob Health . 2021 Jul ; 6 ( 7 ): e005670 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005670 Search in Google Scholar

Papp JR, Schachter J, Gaydos CA, Van Der Pol B. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae – 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Mar 14;63(RR-02):1–19. Papp JR Schachter J Gaydos CA Van Der Pol B. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae – 2014 . MMWR Recomm Rep . 2014 Mar 14 ; 63 ( RR-02 ): 1 19 . Search in Google Scholar

Ramanan P, Bryson AL, Binnicker MJ, Pritt BS, Patel R. Syndromic Panel-Based Testing in Clinical Microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Nov;31(1):e00024-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00024-17 Ramanan P Bryson AL Binnicker MJ Pritt BS Patel R. Syndromic Panel-Based Testing in Clinical Microbiology . Clin Microbiol Rev . 2017 Nov ; 31 ( 1 ): e00024 17 . https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00024-17 Search in Google Scholar

Saweri OP, Batura N, Adawiyah RA, Causer L, Pomat W, Vallely A, Wiseman V. Cost and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care testing and treatment for sexually transmitted and genital infections in pregnancy in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019 Nov;9(11):e029945. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029945 Saweri OP Batura N Adawiyah RA Causer L Pomat W Vallely A Wiseman V. Cost and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care testing and treatment for sexually transmitted and genital infections in pregnancy in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review protocol . BMJ Open . 2019 Nov ; 9 ( 11 ): e029945 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029945 Search in Google Scholar

Shipitsyna E, Unemo M. A profile of the FDA-approved and CE/IVD-marked Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay (Hologic) and key priorities in the management of M. genitalium infections. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020 Nov;20(11):1063-1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2020.1842198 Shipitsyna E Unemo M. A profile of the FDA-approved and CE/IVD-marked Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay (Hologic) and key priorities in the management of M. genitalium infections . Expert Rev Mol Diagn . 2020 Nov ; 20 ( 11 ): 1063 1074 . https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2020.1842198 Search in Google Scholar

Sinka K. The global burden of sexually transmitted infections. Clin Dermatol. 2024 Mar–Apr;42(2):110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.12.002 Sinka K. The global burden of sexually transmitted infections . Clin Dermatol . 2024 Mar–Apr ; 42 ( 2 ): 110 118 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.12.002 Search in Google Scholar

Tuddenham S, Hamill MM, Ghanem KG. Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: A review. JAMA. 2022 Jan; 327(2):161–172. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23487 Tuddenham S Hamill MM Ghanem KG. Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: A review . JAMA . 2022 Jan ; 327 ( 2 ): 161 172 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23487 Search in Google Scholar

Unemo M, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS, de Vries HJC, Francis SC, Mabey D, Marrazzo JM, Sonder GJB, Schwebke JR, Hoornenborg E, et al. Sexually transmitted infections: Challenges ahead. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Aug;17(8):e235–e279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30310-9 Unemo M Bradshaw CS Hocking JS de Vries HJC Francis SC Mabey D Marrazzo JM Sonder GJB Schwebke JR Hoornenborg E et al. Sexually transmitted infections: Challenges ahead . Lancet Infect Dis . 2017 Aug ; 17 ( 8 ): e235 e279 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30310-9 Search in Google Scholar

Unemo M, Ross J, Serwin AB, Gomberg M, Cusini M, Jensen JS. 2020 European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults. Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Oct:956462420949126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462420949126 Unemo M Ross J Serwin AB Gomberg M Cusini M Jensen JS. 2020 European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults . Int J STD AIDS . 2020 Oct : 956462420949126 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462420949126 Search in Google Scholar

Unemo M, Seifert HS, Hook EW 3rd, Hawkes S, Ndowa F, Dillon JR. Gonorrhoea. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Nov;5(1):79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0128-6 Unemo M Seifert HS Hook EW 3rd Hawkes S Ndowa F Dillon JR. Gonorrhoea . Nat Rev Dis Primers . 2019 Nov ; 5 ( 1 ): 79 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0128-6 Search in Google Scholar

Vandepitte J, Weiss HA, Bukenya J, Kyakuwa N, Muller E, Buvé A, Van der Stuyft P, Hayes RJ, Grosskurth H. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium infection and HIV acquisition among female sex workers in Uganda: Evidence from a nested case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Nov;90(7):545549. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051467 Vandepitte J Weiss HA Bukenya J Kyakuwa N Muller E Buvé A Van der Stuyft P Hayes RJ Grosskurth H. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium infection and HIV acquisition among female sex workers in Uganda: Evidence from a nested case-control study . Sex Transm Infect . 2014 Nov ; 90 ( 7 ): 545549 . https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051467 Search in Google Scholar

WHO. Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022– 2030. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2022 [2023 Dec 15]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240053779 WHO . Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022– 2030 . Geneva (Switzerland) : World Health Organization ; 2022 [2023 Dec 15]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240053779 Search in Google Scholar

WHO. Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2003 [cited 2023 Dec 15]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240024168 WHO . Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections . Geneva (Switzerland) : World Health Organization ; 2003 [cited 2023 Dec 15 ]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240024168 Search in Google Scholar

Xie TA, Liu YL, Meng RC, Liu XS, Fang KY, Deng ST, Fan SJ, Chen CM, Lin QR, He ZJ, et al. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Efficacy of Xpert CT/NG for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Oct 8;2020:2892734. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2892734 Xie TA Liu YL Meng RC Liu XS Fang KY Deng ST Fan SJ Chen CM Lin QR He ZJ et al. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Efficacy of Xpert CT/NG for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gon-orrhoeae . Biomed Res Int . 2020 Oct 8 ; 2020 : 2892734 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2892734 Search in Google Scholar

Yerushalmy J. Statistical problems in assessing methods of medical diagnosis, with special reference to X-ray techniques. Public Health Rep (1896–1970). 1947 Oct;62(40):1432–1449. https://doi.org/10.2307/4586294 Yerushalmy J. Statistical problems in assessing methods of medical diagnosis, with special reference to X-ray techniques . Public Health Rep (1896–1970) . 1947 Oct ; 62 ( 40 ): 1432 1449 . https://doi.org/10.2307/4586294 Search in Google Scholar

Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, Microbiology and Virology