Rapid and Simple Approaches for Diagnosis of  in Bloodstream Infections

Assays	Resistance markers	Sensitivity	Turnaround time (h)	Specificity	References
Hybrisep	none	NA	NA	8	Shimada et al. 1999
T2Dx	none	100%	100%	3–5	De Angelis et al. 2018
BinaX Now S.aureus	none	97.6%	100%	0.5	Qian et al. 2014
BinaX Now PBP2a	yes	100%	100%	0.5	Heraud et al. 2015
Gram staining	none	78.7%	95%	0.5	Hadano et al. 2018
PNA FISH	none	100%	99.4%	1.5–3	González et al. 2004
QuickFISH	none	99.5%	89.5%	0.5	Deck et al. 2012
Accelerate Pheno^TM system	susceptibility	94.7%	99%	ID1/AST 7	Charnot-Katsikas et al. 2017
MALDI-TOF MS	in development	85.7–100%	NA	0.5–1 (pellet)/3–5 (short incubation)	Foster 2013; Curtoni et al. 2017
FilmArray BCID2	yes	100%	100%	1	Holma et al. 2022
Xpert MRSA/SA BC	yes	100%	100%	1	McHugh et al. 2020

Assays	Automated	Personnel experience	Equipment requirement	Throughput	Cost	Comments
Hybrisep	yes	yes	proprietary equipment	low	moderate	+: rapid, sensitive and specific–: limited number of publications
T2Dx	yes	no	proprietary equipment	low	high	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific–: no resistance markers
BinaX Now S. aureus	no	no	no	low	low	+: rapid, sensitive and specific–: cross-reaction with S. lugdunensis
BinaX Now PBP2a	no	no	no	low	low	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific–: no identification
Gram staining	yes	yes	generic equipment	low	low	+: rapid, simple–: variable sensitivity and specificity
PNA FISH	no	yes	generic equipment	low	high	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific–: no resistance markers
QuickFISH	no	yes	generic equipment	low	high	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific–: no resistance markers
Accelerate Pheno^TM system	yes	no	proprietary equipment	low	high	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific, with AST results–: low throughout
MALDI-TOF MS	no	yes	proprietary equipment	high	low	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific, cost-effective–: enrichment, not standardization
FilmArray BCID2	yes	no	proprietary equipment	low	high	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific, with resistance results–: low throughout
Xpert MRSA/SA BC	yes	no	proprietary equipment	low	high	+: rapid, sensitive, and specific, with resistance results–: expensive

Rapid and Simple Approaches for Diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus in Bloodstream Infections