Sea cucumbers (Phylum: Echinodermata; Class:
Sea cucumber aquaculture is growing in several regions of the world and is mostly focused on the commercially important species
An experimental attempt of hatchery production of
Diet plays an important role in the aquaculture production of sea cucumbers. Knowledge of feeding habits and nutritional requirements is necessary for the successful farming of sea cucumbers (Slater et al. 2009). Under natural conditions, the species
The animals were fed with two types of diets in different ratios to test their effects on animal growth. Feed-A was a commercially available diet produced by Laizhou Baishengd Technology Co. Ltd, China. Feed-B was formulated in a fish farming facility of the Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University for sea cucumber culture studies (Broom et al. 2021a). Feed-B was prepared from fish meal (5%), wheat bran (15%), soybean (4.75%), barley (10%), fish feed powder (15%) and essential minerals and vitamins (Broom et al. 2021a). The proximate composition of feed-A and feed-B was reported by Broom et al. (2021a). In brief, the proximate composition of feed-A includes 9.8% moisture, 57.2% crude ash, 7.5% crude protein, 24.7% carbohydrate, 1.2% nitrogen, 0.8% crude fat, 4.4% crude fiber and 19.1% organic carbon. Similarly, the proximate composition of feed-B includes 8.4% moisture, 38% crude ash, 14.5% crude protein, 34.8% carbohydrate, 2.3% nitrogen, 4.3% crude fat, 31.16% organic carbon and 2.2% crude fiber. Both commercial and formulated feeds were soaked in water for 12 h before being fed to the animals.
After 30 days of the experiment, animals from the tanks were eviscerated and weighed on a digital balance (resolution = 0.01 g). The average body weight (wet weight) for each treatment group was used to calculate the specific growth rate (SGR), weight increment and weight gain after being fed with different feed ratios. The SGR (% d-1) was calculated using the following formula:
where Wf and Wi are final and initial body weight (g) of the animals, and ‘t’ is the duration of the experiment in days.
Parameters such as DO, temperature and pH of seawater were monitored daily prior to water change to identify possible changes due to different feed ratios. These parameters were measured using a multiparameter probe (YSI Pro 1020). The quality of the bottom sand layer was monitored weekly based on the oxic-anoxic interface. The oxic-anoxic interface depth in each tank was measured according to the method described by Broom et al. (2021a). In brief, the sediment core was collected using a syringe and the color change due to oxic-anoxic conditions was measured using a ruler. The color change from yellow/ light brown (oxic) to gray (anoxic) was considered for the measurement of oxic-anoxic conditions.
The data obtained for SGR and weight gain (%) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) using feed types and feed ratios as factors. Additionally, one-way ANOVA was carried out between different feed ratios in each feed type. Pairwise differences in the growth of sea cucumbers receiving different amounts of feed were analyzed using post-hoc Tukey’s test (for variables that showed significant variation in one-way ANOVA). One-way ANOVA was also used to analyze anoxic conditions in the experimental tanks, resulting from the application of different feed ratios. The data were initially checked for homogeneity using Levene’s test and used for ANOVA without transformation. The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistica (ver.13).
The results revealed significant variations in the weight gain of sea cucumbers
Growth performance indices of sea cucumbers
Growth performance indicators | Feed treatment groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed-A | Feed-B | |||||||
2% | 4% | 6% | 8% | 2% | 4% | 6% | 8% | |
Initial weight (g) | 2.33 ± 0.34 | 1.89 ± 0.14 | 1.77 ± 0.08 | 1.59 ± 0.2 | 3.67 ± 0.35 | 3.71 ± 0.31 | 3.42 ± 0.16 | 3.05 ± 0.28 |
Final weight | 1.67 ± 0.32 | 2.15 ± 0.21 | 2.15 ± 0.13 | 2.77 ± 0.53 | 5.98 ± 0.82 | 9.57 ± 2.47 | 5.54 ± 1.02 | 8.46 ± 1.62 |
Total weight gain (g) | –0.66 ± 0.27 | 0.25 ± 0.11 | 0.37 ± 0.16 | 1.18 ± 0.65 | 2.3 ± 1.18 | 5.85 ± 2.3 | 2.11 ± 1.16 | 5.41 ± 1.9 |
Total weight gain (%) | –41.3 ± 19.78 | 11.71 ± 4.88 | 37.33 ± 16.5 | 40.64 ± 15.63 | 37.26 ± 13.62 | 59.73 ± 8.4 | 36.38 ± 14.35 | 62.52 ± 11.26 |
Specific growth rate (% d-1) | -1.12 ± 0.48 | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 0.63 ± 0.27 | 1.82 ± 0.94 | 1.61 ± 0.78 | 3.08 ± 0.73 | 1.56 ± 0.73 | 3.36 ± 0.97 |
Two-way ANOVA results for the total weight gain (%) and specific growth rate of sea cucumbers fed with different feed percentages. Feed percentage and feed type were used as factors for ANOVA (
Weight gain (%) | SGR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | Df | F | P | F | P |
Feed type | 1 | 42.922 | < 0.05 | 47.680 | < 0.05 |
Feed ratio | 3 | 16.510 | < 0.05 | 12.212 | < 0.05 |
Feed type*Feed ratio | 3 | 9.251 | < 0.05 | 2.392 | > 0.05 |
Error | 16 |
Tukey’s post-hoc HSD test results (approximate probabilities) for SGR and weight gain (%) of sea cucumbers fed with feed-A (
Factor 1 (feed percentage) | Factor 2 (feed percentage) | SGR (Between MS = .30944, df = 8) | Weight gain (%) (Between MS = 232.98, df = 8) |
---|---|---|---|
2 | 4 | < 0.05 | < 0.05 |
6 | |||
8 | |||
4 | 6 | > 0.05 | > 0.05 |
8 | |||
6 | 8 |
The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen content of the tank water during the experiment are presented in Figs 1 & 2. The water quality parameters of the experimental tanks during the experiment did not show much variation between different diet ratio treatments. The soil anoxic layer showed an increase with the duration of the experiment in all feed percentage treatments (Fig. 3). While the anoxic layer was above 20% in feed-B treated tanks during week 4, the maximum anoxic layer in feed-A treated tanks was 17.91% with the 8% feed treatment. One-way ANOVA results did not show significant differences in soil anoxic conditions between tanks with treatments of different feed ratios in either feed-A (
Food is one of the limiting factors for the growth of marine invertebrates in their early stages (Roberts et al. 2001; Zheng et al. 2005). This study showed significant effects of the feed ratio on the growth of juvenile sea cucumbers
In the present study, the best feed percentage for achieving the optimum growth performance was inconsistent between feed-A and feed-B (Table 1). This inconsistency may be due to the proportion of the feed composition used for the experiment. Specifically, the formulated feed (feed-B) had a higher content of proteins (14.5%) compared to feed-A (7.5%) (Broom et al. 2021a). This high protein content may be one of the possible reasons for the best growth performance achieved in the sea cucumbers treated with feed-B even at 2%. Previously, many studies have reported the effect of protein content on growth performance and enzyme activities in sea cucumbers (Seo & Lee 2011; Liao et al. 2014; Liao et al. 2015). In general, feed composition, ratio, feeding frequency and stocking density are important factors affecting the growth of sea cucumbers (Xia et al. 2017; Broom et al. 2021a, b). Previous studies indicated that the growth and physiological activities of aquatic organisms can be improved by increasing feeding frequency (Wang et al. 2007; Cárcamo et al. 2015; Xia et al. 2017; Broom et al. 2021b). An increase in feeding frequency will ultimately provide larger amounts of food compared to regular feeding regimes of once or twice a day. Further, a study conducted by Singh et al. (1998) revealed a higher growth rate of sea cucumbers fed with high concentrations of algal diet.
The oxic-anoxic interface is one of the critical sediment quality parameters that affects the growth of sea cucumbers (Robinson et al. 2015). Therefore, it is important to maintain optimum anoxic soil conditions when increasing the feeding rate. The results of this study indicate that the anoxic soil layer in the tanks did not increase as a result of an increased feed percentage (Fig. 3). The anoxic layer showed an increasing trend with the duration of the experiment. A stratified oxic-anoxic layer is necessary for the optimum growth in the culture as this layer supports more bacterial communities (Robinson et al. 2016). Therefore, a slight increase in the anoxic layer in the tanks during week 4 may not be detrimental to the animals.
Abiotic factors such as salinity and temperature of water may affect the growth rate of sea cucumbers (Seeruttun et al. 2008). In this study, water temperature in the culture tanks was above 27°C throughout the experiment (except a minor drop in the first week for the 8% feed-A treatment) and did not show large differences between different diet percentages (Fig. 1). Many previous studies indicated an optimum temperature range between 27°C and 30°C for the growth of larvae of tropical sea cucumbers (James et al. 1994; Ramofafia et al. 1995; Battaglene 1999). The pH of water varied between 7.3 and 8.72 during the experiment in both feed treatments. In most of the weeks, the values were above 7.8. Changes in pH may be due to the feed types and percentages used in this study. Though changes in pH are one of the critical factors for the growth of sea cucumbers, a previous study by Asha and Muthiah (2005) reported the highest growth rate of sea cucumber larvae at pH 7.8. Therefore, the higher pH range observed in this study after feeding may affect the growth of
In conclusion, this study showed that the diet percentage is an important factor for the optimum growth of sea cucumbers. In general, an increase in the feed percentage resulted in good growth performance. Animals fed with 8% diet exhibited a higher growth rate than others. Therefore, maintaining a high feed percentage may provide the best growth rates in sea cucumbers. However, it is necessary to determine the optimum feed percentage by evaluating other critical parameters. The difference in growth performance between the feed types indicate that the proximate composition of feeds should be considered when selecting the correct diet percentage. Further research involving more types of diets, such as seaweeds and other plant-based formulated feeds, will be useful in determining correct diet quantity and proportion for the best growth performance of sea cucumbers.