<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>We live in an age of information revolution, where trends in informing physicians and the lay public bring new challenges that must be faced by healthcare professionals. Predatory journals and fake conferences are common. Social media is full of false information, which results in serious public health damage. Therefore, it is important that health professionals communicate properly with the public and patients and that they address the education of both the public and other health professionals.</p></abstract>

We live in an age of information revolution, where trends in informing physicians and the lay public bring new challenges that must be faced by healthcare professionals. Predatory journals and fake conferences are common. Social media is full of false information, which results in serious public health damage. Therefore, it is important that health professionals communicate properly with the public and patients and that they address the education of both the public and other health professionals.

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<p><italic>“Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.” (Daniel Patrick Moynihan)</italic></p>
<sec id="j_sjph-2021-0012_s_001"><label>1</label><div>Introduction</div>
<p>We are living in an era of information revolution (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_001">1</a>), characterized by the rapid growth of globally shared information. Never in the history of mankind has there been so much scientific information available to the public (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_002">2</a>, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_003">3</a>). Extensive communication brings a problem, however, as lies are as readily available as the truth (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_002">2</a>). We are thus faced with what can be called an “infodemic”: a virtual tsunami of data and advice, where clear and trustworthy messages are mixed with misinformation and lies, confusing the public (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_004">4</a>). We must now deal with fake news (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_005">5</a>), misinformation, and disinformation (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_006">6</a>). We are experiencing a “post-truth” situation, where facts have a lesser effect on public opinion than beliefs and emotions (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_007">7</a>). Paradoxically, the truth has become the biggest victim of the modern era, as misinformation is more popular than the truth, creating fear, anxiety and distrust of authorities. This is why fake news and misinformation have become a serious cause for concern (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_008">8</a>).</p>
<p>There are two main pathways through which misinformation appears in public: fraudulent scientific papers and conferences, and social media.</p>
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<sec id="j_sjph-2021-0012_s_002"><label>2</label><div>The scientific pathway: journals and conferences</div>
<p>The foundation of medical science is scientific publication. The editorial process of scientific journals exists to ensure that the information they provide is trustworthy (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_009">9</a>). Despite this, sometimes a paper which is not scientifically sound is published. Fortunately, such cases are relatively rare, but they may have long-term negative consequences, with one well-known example being a publication that claimed there is a link between the MMR vaccine and autism (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_010">10</a>).</p>
<p>The trend toward open science and open access journals has created new possibilities for misleading the public, with the rise of predatory journals have appeared (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_011">11</a>). Their aim is to gain money by charging scholars and researchers for publication of papers without using a proper peer review process. Some of these journals also serve as agents for special interest groups to promote their ideas under the guise of publishing scientific papers. Fake or predatory conferences are also becoming more and more frequent. They follow the same goal of profit as predatory and fake journals (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_012">12</a>). They are characterized by aggressive marketing, luxury locations, vague content and little or no peer review of abstracts (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_013">13</a>).</p>
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<sec id="j_sjph-2021-0012_s_003"><label>3</label><div>Social media</div>
<p>Social media is one of the main venues for distributing misleading information to the general public. Information about health issues is always popular (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_014">14</a>), but unfortunately much of the information available on the internet is not trustworthy (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_015">15</a>). It is essential that people who use medical information online know how to differentiate between objective facts and personal opinions. Unfortunately, this is often not the case: conspiracy theories are very common and widely believed, with at least half of the population believing at least one of them (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_016">16</a>).</p>
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<sec id="j_sjph-2021-0012_s_004"><label>4</label><div>Recommendations</div>
<p>In order to cope with these issues, it is important to devise strategies to address them.</p>
<p>Scientists who receive invitations to submit papers and their research can avoid sending their work to a predatory journal for publication by following a strategy of: “Think. Check. Submit” (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_017">17</a>). Sometimes the simplest way to avoid fake conferences is just to delete invitations to conferences which we receive via email (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_018">18</a>). Meanwhile, transparency is an excellent strategy to deal with misinformation. This is why open science should be promoted.</p>
<p>Dealing with the public is another matter. On an individual level, appropriate communication between health professionals and patients is extremely important (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_019">19</a>). It is of key importance that the professional maintains a position of evidence-based medicine and to admit that this has its limits. It is wrong to try to ridicule or be aggressive towards a person who is misinformed. A nonjudgmental approach is the best strategy, and sometimes just accepting the fact that patients have different beliefs is the only viable solution (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_020">20</a>).</p>
<p>Scientists also have to learn how to communicate with the general public. Science must be made understandable without being oversimplified. The task of finding an appropriate level for communication of scientific findings is a difficult one, and needs collaboration between medical science and the media. Strategic partnerships between experts in different fields need to be established to deal with this challenge. The role of professional organizations in this respect is of utmost importance, and experts from other fields are also needed (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_006">6</a>).</p>
<p>The general public must learn about “digital hygiene”: how to recognize, understand and avoid misleading information. Medical students should learn about evidence-based medicine in their study curriculum (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_021">21</a>). They should know how to navigate the internet, how to assess information, how to become familiar with digital tools (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_sjph-2021-0012_ref_022">22</a>), so that they can help patients distinguish between fact and fiction when they enter the practice of medicine.</p>
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<sec id="j_sjph-2021-0012_s_005"><label>5</label><div>Conclusion</div>
<p>Misinformation has become one of the biggest public health challenges today, and the problem cannot be solved by legislation alone. Developing and applying methods and strategies to combat misinformation is one of the key challenges for professional and scientific organizations in every field, at every level.</p>
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Predatory journals, fake conferences and misleading social media: The dark side of medical information

Slovenian Journal of Public Health

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Plenilske revije, lažne konference in zavajajoča družbena omrežja: Temna stran medicinskih informacij

We live in an age of information revolution, where trends in informing physicians and the lay public bring new challenges that must be faced by healthcare...

Predatory journals, fake conferences and misleading social media: The dark side of medical information

Article Category: Invited editorial

Published Online: Mar 18, 2021

Page range: 79 - 81

Received: Feb 21, 2021

Accepted: Feb 22, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2021-0012

Keywords
fake medicine, infodemic, misinformation, predatory journals, evidence-based medicine

© 2021 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Predatory journals, fake conferences and misleading social media: The dark side of medical information

Article Category: Invited editorial

Published Online: Mar 18, 2021

Page range: 79 - 81

Received: Feb 21, 2021

Accepted: Feb 22, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2021-0012

Keywordsfake medicine, infodemic, misinformation, predatory journals, evidence-based medicine

© 2021 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
fake medicine, infodemic, misinformation, predatory journals, evidence-based medicine