The prevalence of elevated blood pressure in a sample of slovene children and adolescents: a pilot study
Article Category: Original scientific article
Published Online: Apr 12, 2018
Page range: 72 - 80
Received: Nov 19, 2016
Accepted: Jan 18, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2018-0010
Keywords
© 2018 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Figure 1
Pearsons’ r correlation coefficients between sample characteristics and blood pressure SDS scores.
| Auscultatory BP m. - r (N) | Oscillometric BPm. - r (N) | All BP measurements - r (N) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample characteristic | Systolic blood pressure (SDS) | Diastolic blood pressure (SDS) | Systolic blood pressure (SDS) | Diastolic blood pressure (SDS) | Systolic blood pressure (SDS) | Diastolic blood pressure (SDS) |
| 0.20 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.12 (382) p<0.05; | 0.04 (878) | -0.21 (878) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.11 (1260) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | -0.04 (1260) | |
| 0.10 (382) | 0.07 (382) | 0.06 (878) | -0.07 (878) p<0.05; | 0.17 (1260) | -0.12 (1260) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | |
| 0.41 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.31 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.21 (878) p<0.05; | 0.08 (878) | 0.26 (1260) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.14 (1260) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | |
| 0.31 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.20 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.35 (174) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.23 (174) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.31 (556) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.20 (556) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | |
| 0.43 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.30 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | NA | NA | 0.43 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.30 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | |
| 0.08 (382) | 0.02 (382) | NA | NA | 0.08 (382) | 0.02 (382) | |
| 0.32 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.20 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.23 (170) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.20 (170) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.35 (552) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.30 (552) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | |
| 0.39 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.26 (382) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.23 (878) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.20 (878) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.29 (1260) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | 0.24 (1260) p<0.01; N - number of cases; | |
Blood pressure categories by the participants’ age.
| Participant count - N (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | 2-3 years | 4-5 years | 6-7 years | 8-9 years | 10-11 years | 12-13 years | 14-15 years | 16-17 years | 18-19 years |
| NA | NA | 91 (96.8%) | 92 (91.1%) | 69 (93.2%) | 51 (77.3%) | 37 (78.7%) | NA | NA | |
| NA | NA | 2 (2.1%) | 4 (4.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 4 (6.1%) | 4 (8.5%) | NA | NA | |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | NA | NA | 1 (1.1%) | 5 (5.0%) | 4 (5.4%) | 11 (16.7%) | 6 (12.8%) | NA | NA |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | NA | NA | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 2 (3.0%) | 2 (4.3%) | NA | NA |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | NA | NA | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (6.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA | NA |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | NA | NA | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | 3 (4.1%) | 5 (7.6%) | 4 (8.5%) | NA | NA |
| 38 (48.7%) | 70 (70.7%) | 30 (53.6%) | 25 (45.5%) | 60 (71.4%) | 125 (77.2%) | 88 (73.9%) | 187 (74.2%) | 60 (65.9%) | |
| 13 (16.7%) | 18 (18.2%) | 13 (23.2%) | 10 (18.2%) | 9 (10.7%) | 20 (12.3%) | 13 (10.9%) | 52 (20.6%) | 20 (22.0%) | |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 27 (34.6%) | 11 (11.1%) | 13 (23.2%) | 20 (36.4%) | 15 (17.9%) | 17 (10.5%) | 18 (15.1%) | 13 (5.2%) | 11 (12.1%) |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 25 (32.1%) | 6 (6.1%) | 8 (14.3%) | 11 (20.0%) | 4 (4.8%) | 3 (1.9%) | 8 (6.7%) | 7 (2.7%) | 7 (7.7%) |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 2 (2.6%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.8%) | 2 (3.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (3.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 4 (7.1%) | 7 (12.7%) | 10 (11.9%) | 13 (8.0%) | 6 (5.0%) | 5 (2.0%) | 4 (4.4%) |
| 38 (48.7%) | 70 (70.7%) | 121 (80.7%) | 117 (75.0%) | 129 (81.6%) | 176 (77.2%) | 125 (75.3%) | 187 (74.2%) | 60 (65.9%) | |
| 13 (16.7%) | 18 (18.2%) | 15 (10.0%) | 14 (9.0%) | 10 (6.3%) | 24 (10.5%) | 17 (10.2%) | 52 (20.6%) | 20 (22.0%) | |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 27 (34.6%) | 11 (11.1%) | 14 (9.3%) | 25 (16.0%) | 19 (12.0%) | 28 (12.3%) | 24 (14.5%) | 13 (5.2%) | 11 (12.1%) |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 25 (32.1%) | 6 (6.1%) | 9 (6.0%) | 11 (7.1%) | 5 (3.2%) | 5 (2.2%) | 10 (6.0%) | 7 (2.7%) | 7 (7.7%) |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 2 (2.6%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 5 (2.2%) | 4 (2.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Due to BP measurement on a single occasion, the term hypertension is used as a synonym with “elevated BP in the hypertensive range” | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 4 (2.7%) | 12 (7.7%) | 13 (8.2%) | 18 (7.9%) | 10 (6.0%) | 5 (2.0%) | 4 (4.4%) |
Mean values of sample characteristics.
| Auscultatory measurements - Mean (SD; N) | Oscillometric measurements - Mean (SD; N) | All measurements - Mean (SD; N) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | 2-6 years | 7-12 years | 13-19 years | 2-6 years | 7-12 years | 13-19 years | 2-6 years | 7-12 years | 13-19 years |
| 6.0 | 9.2 | 13.7 | 4.8 | 8.8 | 15.7 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 15.5 | |
| (0.0; 46) | (1.6; 253) | (0.7; 83) | (1.2; 303) | (1.9; 319) | (1.8; 590) | (1.2; 349) | (1.8; 572) | (1.8; 673) | |
| 46 | 253 | 83 | 303 | 319 | 540 | 349 | 572 | 673 | |
| (25: 21) | (119 : 134) | (35: 48) | (144: 159) | (163: 156) | (237: 353) | (169: 180) | (282: 290) | (272: 401) | |
| 100.4 | 100.9 | 114.4 | 98.9 | 109.6 | 119.4 | 99.1 | 105.8 | 118.8 | |
| (7.5; 46) | (12.0; 253) | (11.5; 83) | (10.2; 427) | (10.7; 319) | (11.7;590) | (9.9; 349) | (12.1; 572) | (11.8; 673) | |
| 57.0 | 55.1 | 64.2 | 62.3 | 66.7 | 72.1 | 61.6 | 61.6 | 71.1 | |
| (8.1; 46) | (9.2; 253) | (11.7; 83) | (8.8; 427) | (9.5; 319) | (8.8; 590) | (8.9; 349) | (11.0; 572) | (9.5; 673) | |
| 71.5 | 70.4 | 81.0 | 74.5 | 81.0 | 87.8 | 74.13 | 76.3 | 87.0 | |
| (7.2; 46) | (9.0; 253) | (10.1; 83) | (8.0; 427) | (9.5; 319) | (8.4; 590) | (8.0; 349) | (10.2; 572) | (8.9; 673) | |
| 1.45 | 0.79 | 0.32 | -0.57 | 0.43 | 0.61 | -0.21 | 0.63 | 0.56 | |
| (0.84; 46) | (1.00; 253) | (1.20; 83) | (1.23; 233) | (1.44; 196) | (0.98; 469) | (1.40; 257) | (1.22; 449) | (1.02; 552) | |
| 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 0.94 | 0.18 | 0.63 | 0.88 | |
| (0.81; 46) | (1.01; 253) | (1.27; 83) | (1.64; 233) | (1.36; 196) | (1.40; 469) | (1.53; 257) | (1.18; 449) | (1.39; 552) | |
| -0.05 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.21 | |
| (0.82;46) | (0.74; 253) | (0.52; 83) | (0.86; 233) | (0.81; 196) | (0.58; 469) | (0.86; 257) | (0.78; 449) | (0.57; 552) | |
| 1.41 | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.50 | 0.31 | |
| (1.89; 46) | (1.63; 253) | (1.61; 83) | (1.58; 77) | (1.90; 81) | (1.97; 33) | (1.77;104) | (1.70; 334) | (1.77; 116) | |
| 69.1 | 78-4 | 92.3 | NA | NA | NA | 69.1 | 78.4 | 92.3 | |
| (6.3; 46) | (9.4; 253) | (8.67; 83) | (6.3; 46) | (9.4; 253) | (8.7; 83) | ||||
| 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.80 | NA | NA | NA | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.80 | |
| (0.06; 46) | (0.07; 253) | (0.08; 83) | (0.06; 46) | (0.07; 253) | (0.08; 83) | ||||
| 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.46 | |
| (0.06; 46) | (0.06; 253) | (0.06; 83) | (0.05; 76) | (0.07; 79) | (0.07; 32) | (0.06 ;46) | (0.06; 332) | (0.07; 115) | |
Blood pressure categories by the relative risks for having normotensive, prehypertensive or hypertensive BP in correlation with some participants’ characteristics, e.g. participants’ age.
| Auscultatory measurements - RR (95% CI) | Oscillometric measurements - RR (95% CI) | All measurements - RR (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Normotensive | Prehypertensive | Hypertensive | Normotensive | Prehypertensive | Hypertensive | Normotensive | Prehypertensive | Hypertensive |
| • 2-6 years: rest | 1.11 | NA | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.98 |
| (1.05;1.18) - p<0.05 using chi-square test; | (0.30; 2.18) | (0.48; 0.90) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.70; 1.38) | (0.66; 1.38) | (0.82; 0.98) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.70; 1.54) | (0.70; 1.38) | ||
| • 7-12 years: rest | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 1.50 | 1.09 | 0.60 | 1.15 |
| (1.01; 1.19) - p<0.05 using chi-square test; | (0.36; 2.92) | (0.57; 1.98) | (0.78; 0.99) - p<0.05 using chi-square test; | (0.65; 1.32) | (1.06; 2.12) - p<0.05 using chi-square test; | (1.03; 1.16) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.43; 0.83) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.86; 1.54) | |
| • 13-19 years: rest | 0.82 | 1.80 | 1.05 | 1.20 | 1.06 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 1.48 | 0.89 |
| (0.72; 0.93) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.63; 5.13) | (0.52; 2.11) | (1.09; 1.31) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.80; 1.41) | (0.56; 1.06) | (0.93; 1.05) | (1.12; 1.94) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.67; 1.18) | |
| (male: female) | 0.96 | 1.23 | 1.13 | 0.81 | 1.71 | 1.36 | 0.87 | 1.63 | 1.29 |
| (0.92; 1.06) | (0.48; 3.50) | (0.63; 2.04) | (0.74; 0.88) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (1.30;2.26) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.99; 1.87) | (0.82; 0.93) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (1.24;214) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.98; 1.71) | |
| (increased: normal) | 1.03 | 0.80 | 2.03 | NA | NA | NA | 1.03 | 0.80 | 2.03 |
| (0.94; 1.12) | (0.26; 2.45) | (0.82; 5.03) | (0.94; 1.12) | (0.26; 2.45) | (0.82; 5.03) | ||||
| (increased: normal) | 1-23 | 0.51 | 1.77 | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.43 | 1.37 | 0.68 | 1.20 |
| (1.08; 1.40) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.18; 1.43) | (0.72; 4.36) | (0.90; 1.68) | (0.72; 2.29) | (0.73; 2.79) | (1.20; 1.57) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.40; 1.14) | (0.70; 2.05) | |
| overweight: normal | 0.67 | 6.67 | 1.37 | 0.79 | 1.37 | 1.16 | 0.74 | 1.75 | 0.97 |
| (0.52; 0.88) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (2.53; 17.60) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.22; 8.62) | (0.66; 0.95) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.92; 2.05) | (0.71; 1.89) | (0.64; 0.86) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (1.22; 2.53) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.60; 1.57) | |
| obese: normal | 0.95 | NA | 1.12 | 0.43 | 1.36 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 1.42 | 0.87 |
| (0.73; 1.24) | (0.18; 7.17) | (0.24; 0.76) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.66; 2.80) | (0.27; 2.29) | (0.38; 0.82) - p<0.01 using chi-square test | (0.67; 2.99) | (0.34; 2.21) | ||