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Figure 1

Screening surface.
Screening surface.

Figure 2

Calibration frame.
Calibration frame.

Figure 3

“V” camera frame.
“V” camera frame.

Variables and abbreviations for 3D posture analysis.

ShD Shoulder displacementThe variable expressed in centimetres indicates elevation/depression of the left/right frontal plane. Results with positive values are with regard to the right shoulder elevation, while negative values indicate the left shoulder elevation.
ShD Shoulder displacementThe variable expressed in centimetres indicates elevation/depression of the left/right frontal plane. Results with positive values are with regard to the right shoulder elevation, while negative values indicate the left shoulder elevation.
PeOb Pelvic obliquityThe variable expressed in centimetres displays elevated/lowered left/right pelvic side in the frontal plane. Results with positive values indicate the elevation of the right pelvic side, and results with negative value indicate the elevation of the left pelvic side.
ShOb Shoulder rotationThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the rotation in longitudinal axis (transversal plane) of the left/ right shoulder. If results are positive, it indicates a rotation of the upper body, in which case the right shoulder is placed forward, while negative results indicate a rotation of the upper body, in which case the left shoulder is placed forward.
PeRo Pelvic rotationThe variable expressed in degrees indicates rotation in longitudinal axis (transversal plane) of the left/ right pelvic side. If the results are positive, it indicates the rotation, in which case the right side of the pelvis is placed forward, while in negative results, the rotation of the left side of the pelvis is placed forward.
TrRO Trochanter rotationThe variable expressed in degrees indicates rotation of the left/right trochanter in longitudinal axis (transversal plane). If the result is positive, it indicates the rotation of the lower body, in which case the right side of pelvis is rotated towards the front, while negative results indicate the front rotation of the left side of pelvis.
Co Ro Condylus rotationThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the knee rotation in longitudinal axis (transversal plane). If the results are positive, it indicates the front rotation of lateral condylus of the right leg, while negative results indicate the front rotation of the left lateral condylus.
Me Ro Malleolus rotationThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the rotation of the axis, which runs through malleolus of ankle joint. If the result is positive, it indicates the front rotation of the lateral malleolus of the right foot, while the negative result indicates the opposite rotation.
Dcess Sag. Distance cervical spine - sacrum*The variable expressed in centimetres indicates the distance of the most protruded cervical (neck) vertebra with regards to the vertical line projection of the sacrum (the bone at the bottom of the spine) in the sagittal plane. A positive result indicates the increased flexion of the cervical spine, while negative results indicate the increased extension of the cervical spine.
Dthsc Sag. Distance thoracic spine - sacrum*The variable expressed in centimetres indicates the distance of the thoracic spine with regards to vertical line projections of the sacrum (the bone at the bottom of the spine) in sagittal plane. Positive results indicate an increase of flexion in thoracic spine, while negative results indicate an increase in other extension of the thoracic spine.*Higher values in the positive and negative offset do not apply for the variables.
Dluss Sag. Distance lumbar spine - sacrumThe variable expressed in centimetres indicates the distance of the lumbar (lower) spine with regards to the vertical line projection of sacrum (the bone at the bottom of the spine) in sagittal plane. A positive result indicates an increase in lumbar spine flexion, while negative results indicate an increase in the lumbar spine extension.
Val/VarL Varus/Valgus leftThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the Varus-Valgus alignment angle of the left leg (medial/ lateral) at the knee joint.
Val/VarR Varus/Valgus rightThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the Varus/Valgus alignment angle of the right leg (medial/ lateral) at the knee joint.
FlExL Flexion/Extension leftThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the hyperextension and flexion of the left leg at the knee joint (sagittal plane). A positive result indicates the left leg flexion, while a negative result indicates hyperextension of the left leg.
FlExRFlexion/ Extension rightThe variable expressed in degrees indicates the hyperextension or the flexion of the right leg at knee joint (sagittal plane). A positive result indicates the right leg flexion, while a negative result indicates the hyperextension of the right leg.
CeS Frontal Cervical spineThe variable expressed in centimetres indicates the distance of the cervical spine in frontal plane in relation to the vertical line projection of the sacrum. If the result is positive, it indicates the right displacement of the cervical spine, whereas the negative result indicates the left side displacement.
ThS Frontal Thoracic spineThe variable expressed in centimetres indicates the distance of the thoracic spine in frontal plane in relation to vertical line projection of the sacrum. If the result is positive, it indicates the right displacement of the thoracic spine, while the negative result indicates the left side displacement.
LuS Frontal Lumbar spineThe variable expressed in centimetres indicates the distance of the lumbar spine in frontal plane, in relation to vertical line projection of sacrum. If the result is positive, it indicates the right displacement of the lumbar spine, but if the result is negative, it indicates the left side displacement.

Outcome measures differences between age groups.

VariableMeanSDVariableMeanSDVariableMeanSD
HeightAge 5-8121.857.34CoRo-2.514.84FlExL-0.957.67
(cm)Age 9-11135.61**6.37(deg°)-2.135.25(deg°)-1.346.97
Age 12-14143.40**¥¥12.79-1.956.14-0.778.02
BMIAge 5-816.422.46MeRO0.000.00FlExR-2.217.70
(kg/m2)Age 9-1117.69**3.18(deg°)0.000.00(deg°)-1.187.51
Age 12-1418.36**¥¥3.360.000.00-0.34*7.73
ShDAge 5-80.220.85Dcess2.752.49CeS-0.340.87
(cm)Age 9-110.380.83(cm)2.762.29(cm)-0.181.03
Age 12-140.350.902.502.31-0.251.02
PeObAge 5-80.150.42Dthsc-0.672.11ThS-0.240.99
(cm)Age 9-110.130.40(cm)-0.441.81(cm)-0.390.67
Age 12-140.120.36-0.561.83-0.410.82
ShObAge 5-8-1.135.60Dluss2.391.11LuS-0.450.79
(deg°)Age 9-110.025.58(cm)2.551.19(cm)-0.150.35
Age 12-14-1.51¥¥5.222.611.17-0.170.41
PeRoAge 5-8-0.575.92Val/VarL1.013.09
(deg°)Age 9-110.016.16(deg°)0.732.74
Age 12-14-1.30¥6.220.923.32
TrRoAge 5-8-1.295.55Val/VarR0.653.38
(deg°)Age 9-11-1.156.69(deg°)0.732.95
Age 12-14-2.286.970.542.97

Multivariate test results between age group differences of anthropometric and body posture measures.

ValueFdfError dfpη2
Wilks’ Lambda0.5519.273381016<0.0010.258
Pillai’s Trace0.4628.04238.0001018<0.0010.231

Significant correlations between assessed variables.

VARVARr0p-valule
PeObThS0.45<0.001
PeRoTrRO0.63<0.001
PeRoCoRo0.47<0.001
TrROCoRo0.55<0.001
MeROCoRo0.53<0.001
DthscDluss0.760.001
DthscVal0.36<0.001
DlussVal0.58<0.001
FlExLVar0.65<0.001
FlExLCes-0.53<0.001
CesMeRo0.37<0.001
LusThS0.72<0.001
eISSN:
1854-2476
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Hygiene and Environmental Medicine