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Figure 1

Predicted water stress in the world by 2040 according to WRI.
Predicted water stress in the world by 2040 according to WRI.

Figure 2

Methods of installing a stationary sensor: (A) on an above-ground hydrant, (B) on an underground hydrant, (C) in the gate valve chamber
Methods of installing a stationary sensor: (A) on an above-ground hydrant, (B) on an underground hydrant, (C) in the gate valve chamber

Figure 3

Location of acoustic sensors on the map (water supply network) of Jerusalem (1600 sensors, 750 km of the network).
Location of acoustic sensors on the map (water supply network) of Jerusalem (1600 sensors, 750 km of the network).

Figure 4

Graphical representation of the correlation of leakages on the tested section of the pipeline in Shamir street.
Graphical representation of the correlation of leakages on the tested section of the pipeline in Shamir street.

Figure 5

Structure of the FIDO system [Fido-Tech, 2021b].
Structure of the FIDO system [Fido-Tech, 2021b].

Figure 6

Installation of the WLM sensor.
Installation of the WLM sensor.

Figure 7

Variability of the tested parameters in the event of a leak – AQUALYS software.
Variability of the tested parameters in the event of a leak – AQUALYS software.

Figure 8

Leakfrog device installed on a water meter.
Leakfrog device installed on a water meter.

Strengths and weaknesses of the systems.

Strengths Weaknesses
ASQ-SYS system

Regularity and consistency of readings

Automatic data analysis and alarm display

High accuracy of determining the leak location (<2% of the distance between the sensors)

GIS integration

Automatic data transfer via GSM

Adaptive filtering of external disturbances and noises

Automatic noise correlation with the use of algorithms based on artificial intelligence enables the classification of the probability of the size of a leak

Dedicated application also for mobile devices supporting the work of field teams

Significant uncertainty in estimating the size of the leak

Necessary access to a large number of fittings in order to achieve high accuracy of leak detection

Sensitive to sound attenuation in pipes, which is not always predictable

High implementation costs

FIDO system

Automatic data analysis and alarm display

Very accurate algorithm with high accuracy of filtering noise leakage (92% efficiency)

Learning algorithm – constantly increasing its effectiveness by expanding the library of leak patterns

High frequency of FIDO bugs readings (15-minute interval)

High accuracy of leak location (exact correlation between sensors)

Detection of even very small leaks

A solution that mainly supports other acoustic systems (conducting noise analysis), but it can also operate independently

Necessary access to a large number of fittings in order to achieve high accuracy of leak detection

Data transmission from FIDO bugs sensors takes place via bluetooth (the sensor must be approached with a mobile device)

High implementation costs

WLM system

Ability to monitor several parameters with one recorder (pressure, flow, noise, temperature)

Automatic data analysis and alarm display

Automatic data transfer via GSM

High accuracy of the leak location (several metres)

Detection of even very small leaks

Ability to remotely set the recorder parameters and force the measurement

GIS integration

Ability to automatically send an alarm via SMS

The sensor is installed directly on the pipe – direct access to the pipeline is required (excavation required)

High implementation costs

PermaNET system

Automatic data analysis and alarm display

Automatic data transfer via GSM

High accuracy of the leak location (several metres)

Integration with Google Maps and StreetView

Two-way communication – the ability to remotely set the parameters of the recorders

Dedicated application for mobile devices supporting the work of field teams

In order to achieve high accuracy in determining the amount of leakage, it must be linked to data from the flow meters

Necessary access to a large number of fittings in order to achieve high accuracy of leak location

High implementation costs

SmartFlow system

A comprehensive multi-functional system that locates leaks, balances the water in the network and determines the size of the leaks

Pressure, flow, speed and direction of flow and temperature are monitored simultaneously

It can also be accessed via mobile devices

Automatic analysis of multiple data and alarm display

Determining the exact location of leaks has to be supplemented with acoustic methods

High implementation costs

eISSN:
2083-831X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Geosciences, other, Materials Sciences, Composites, Porous Materials, Physics, Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics