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Evaluation of Tunnel Contour Quality Index on the Basis of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data

Piotr Dybeł

Piotr Dybeł

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and GeoengineeringCracow, Poland
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Dybeł, Piotr
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Katarzyna Dybeł

Katarzyna Dybeł

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental EngineeringCracow, Poland
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Dybeł, Katarzyna
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Jerzy Cieślik

Jerzy Cieślik

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and GeoengineeringCracow, Poland
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Cieślik, Jerzy
  
Sep 30, 2021
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Article Category: Original Study
Published Online: Sep 30, 2021
Page range: 255 - 269
Received: Mar 26, 2021
Accepted: May 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2021-0013
Keywords
© 2021 Piotr Dybeł et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Three elements characterizing a contour quality [1].
Three elements characterizing a contour quality [1].

Figure 2

Spacing of measurement sections within a single blasting round [1].
Spacing of measurement sections within a single blasting round [1].

Figure 3

A cross-section and a drill pattern for the studied niche.
A cross-section and a drill pattern for the studied niche.

Figure 4

(a) Scanner FARO Focus 3D S150. (b) Location of the measuring station.
(a) Scanner FARO Focus 3D S150. (b) Location of the measuring station.

Figure 5

Division of the acquired point cloud.
Division of the acquired point cloud.

Figure 6

Side 1 (a) and roof (b) models for the 2nd blasting round created in AutoCAD Civil 3D.
Side 1 (a) and roof (b) models for the 2nd blasting round created in AutoCAD Civil 3D.

Figure 7

Measurement points arrangement on the planned contour profile.
Measurement points arrangement on the planned contour profile.

Figure 8

Modeled and planned contour lines.
Modeled and planned contour lines.

Figure 9

Tunnel cross-section view of the measured point cloud.
Tunnel cross-section view of the measured point cloud.

Figure 10

Modeled tunnel contour surface determined for a single blasting round.
Modeled tunnel contour surface determined for a single blasting round.

Figure 11

Cross-sections 1 and 2 for each of the three blasting rounds, obtained on the basis of the TIN surface.
Cross-sections 1 and 2 for each of the three blasting rounds, obtained on the basis of the TIN surface.

Figure 12

Values of the overbreak depth (Od¯) \left( {\overline {{O_d}} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.
Values of the overbreak depth (Od¯) \left( {\overline {{O_d}} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.

Figure 13

Values of the contour roughness (RCL¯) \left( {\overline {RCL} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.
Values of the contour roughness (RCL¯) \left( {\overline {RCL} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.

Figure 14

Values of the overbreak depth (Osd¯) \left( {\overline {{O^s}_d} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.
Values of the overbreak depth (Osd¯) \left( {\overline {{O^s}_d} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.

Figure 15

Values of the contour roughness (RCLs¯) \left( {\overline {RC{L^s}} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.
Values of the contour roughness (RCLs¯) \left( {\overline {RC{L^s}} } \right) for individual elements of each of the three blasting rounds.

Figure 16

Planned and modeled (TIN) contour surfaces and volume Va.
Planned and modeled (TIN) contour surfaces and volume Va.

Parameters of the FARO Focus 3D S150 scanner and scanning process [23]_

Parameter Value
Range 0,6 m do 150 m
Precision +/−1 mm
Measurement speed Up to 976,000 points/s
Laser Class 1
Weight 4.2 kg
Size 230 × 183 × 103 mm
Control Touch display and WLAN
Extra Global Positioning System (GPS), compass, altimeter, two-axis compensator
Measurement range Indoor up to 10 m
Resolution [MPts] 28.0 (1/5)
Quality 4×
Horizontally 0°do 360°
Perpendicularly −60°do 90°
Scanning time [mm:ss] 05:28
Scan size [Pts] 8192 ×3413

Summary of the results obtained by the laser profiling technique (according to [1])_

Round Element Cross-section Parameter TCIR
Overbreak depth (Od) [cm] Contour roughness (RCL) [−]
Round 1 Side 1 1 11.661 1.001 71.657
2 12.379 1.001
Side 2 1 11.102 1.003
2 6.389 1.001
Roof 1 14.232 1.060
2 13.906 1.055
Entire round 1 13.092 1.039
2 12.097 1.035
Round 2 Side 1 1 9.612 1.004 71.343
2 9.825 1.002
Side 2 1 12.813 1.004
2 12.162 1.004
Roof 1 10.930 1.045
2 17.387 1.073
Entire round 1 11.046 1.030
2 14.764 1.048
Round 3 Side 1 1 11.241 1.006 72.190
2 7.84 1.001
Side 2 1 7.430 1.002
2 9.593 1.002
Roof 1 14.458 1.058
2 12.796 1.052
Entire round 1 12.409 1.039
2 11.164 1.034

Summary of the results obtained by the TLS technique_

Round Element Parameter TCIsR
Overbreak depth Osd¯ \overline {{\boldsymbol {O}^\boldsymbol {s}}_\boldsymbol {d}} [cm] Contour roughness RCLs¯ \overline {\boldsymbol {RC}{\boldsymbol {L}^\boldsymbol {s}}} [−]
Round 1 Side 1 8.624 1.116 64.232
Side 2 10.893 1.155
Roof 14.111 1.192
Entire round 12.640 1.171
Round 2 Side 1 9.146 1.042 67.943
Side 2 11.149 1.069
Roof 12.416 1.140
Entire round 11.737 1.109
Round 3 Side 1 12.094 1.055 68.578
Side 2 6.695 1.072
Roof 12.335 1.123
Entire round 11.350 1.102
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