<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Seaweeds are organisms with unique characteristics. They contain a broad spectrum of micro and macro elements (i.e., minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and vitamins). Furthermore, they have a very high growth rate and are present in large quantities and species in nature. Therefore, they represent an ideal feedstock for a biorefinery concept. Historically, macroalgae used in biorefineries have been harvested directly from the sea or the shores, i.e., off-shore technique. However, recent studies are analysing the possibility of creating on-shore cultivation facilities. This research aims to perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study that analyses and compares the environmental impact of two seaweed cultivation and wild harvesting techniques in the Baltic Sea Region conditions based on existing pre-commercial and commercial projects. Inventory data are collected directly from two macroalgae producers, one off-shore and one on-shore, integrated with literature, and then normalized to the selected functional unit, i.e., 1 ton of harvested fresh macroalgae. The results, implemented with <italic>SimaPro 9.4</italic> software, determine which of the two techniques has the highest environmental impact and which are the most sensitive environmental indicators. Furthermore, the results underline the critical parameters for the two cultivations (i.e., fuel consumption and electricity), contributing to identifying environmental benchmarks for further optimization strategies. The sensitivity analysis included in the study aims to explore and highlight the effect of the variation of selected input parameters or assumptions to provide a consistent assessment of the uncertainty of the model outputs and the main findings in terms of environmental impacts.</p>
</abstract>

Seaweeds are organisms with unique characteristics. They contain a broad spectrum of micro and macro elements (i.e., minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and vitamins). Furthermore, they have a very high growth rate and are present in large quantities and species in nature. Therefore, they represent an ideal feedstock for a biorefinery concept. Historically, macroalgae used in biorefineries have been harvested directly from the sea or the shores, i.e., off-shore technique. However, recent studies are analysing the possibility of creating on-shore cultivation facilities. This research aims to perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study that analyses and compares the environmental impact of two seaweed cultivation and wild harvesting techniques in the Baltic Sea Region conditions based on existing pre-commercial and commercial projects. Inventory data are collected directly from two macroalgae producers, one off-shore and one on-shore, integrated with literature, and then normalized to the selected functional unit, i.e., 1 ton of harvested fresh macroalgae. The results, implemented with SimaPro 9.4 software, determine which of the two techniques has the highest environmental impact and which are the most sensitive environmental indicators. Furthermore, the results underline the critical parameters for the two cultivations (i.e., fuel consumption and electricity), contributing to identifying environmental benchmarks for further optimization strategies. The sensitivity analysis included in the study aims to explore and highlight the effect of the variation of selected input parameters or assumptions to provide a consistent assessment of the uncertainty of the model outputs and the main findings in terms of environmental impacts.

Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies

Environmental and Climate Technologies

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Seaweeds are organisms with unique characteristics. They contain a broad spectrum of micro and macro elements (i.e., minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,...

Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies

Published Online: Oct 28, 2023

Page range: 606 - 626

Received: May 15, 2023

Accepted: Oct 12, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0045

Keywords
Environmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment, seaweed, sustainability

© 2023 Riccardo Paoli et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies

Published Online: Oct 28, 2023

Page range: 606 - 626

Received: May 15, 2023

Accepted: Oct 12, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0045

KeywordsEnvironmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment, seaweed, sustainability

© 2023 Riccardo Paoli et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
Environmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment, seaweed, sustainability