A review of the vomeronasal organ in humans: an enigmatic sensory structure

The vomeronasal organ (VNO), sometimes known as Jacobson’s organ, is a vestigial anatomical feature in humans whose function and evolutionary relevance remain controversial. While clearly defined and functional in many vertebrates—notably for pheromone detection and behavioural regulation—its role in humans is ambiguous. This review consolidates current morphological, histological, neurological and clinical findings about the VNO, while emphasising developmental trends and population-specific data. Drawing on historical studies, molecular biology and comparative anatomy, we aim to offer a comprehensive perspective on the VNO’s presence and potential roles in human biology.