This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Yu H, Tsai YY, Hoffe SE. Overview of diagnosis and management of metastatic disease to bone. Cancer Control 2012; 19: 84–91. doi: 10.1177/107327481201900202YuHTsaiYYHoffeSEOverview of diagnosis and management of metastatic disease to boneCancer Control201219849110.1177/107327481201900202Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Baüerle T, Semmler W. Imaging response to systemic therapy for bone metastases. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 2495–507. doi: 10.1007/s00330-009-1443-1BaüerleTSemmlerWImaging response to systemic therapy for bone metastasesEur Radiol200919249550710.1007/s00330-009-1443-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vassiliou V, Andreopoulos D, Frangos S, Tselis N, Giannopoulou E, Lutz S. Bone metastases: assessment of therapeutic response through radiological and nuclear medicine imaging modalities. Clin Oncol 2011; 23: 632–45. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.03.010VassiliouVAndreopoulosDFrangosSTselisNGiannopoulouELutzSBone metastases: assessment of therapeutic response through radiological and nuclear medicine imaging modalitiesClin Oncol2011236324510.1016/j.clon.2011.03.010Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
O’Sullivan GJ, Carty FL, Cronin CG. Imaging of bone metastasis: an update. World J Radiol 2015; 7: 202. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v7.i8.202O’SullivanGJCartyFLCroninCGImaging of bone metastasis: an updateWorld J Radiol2015720210.4329/wjr.v7.i8.202Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Mishani E. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 287–97. PMID: 16455635Even-SapirEMetserUMishaniEThe detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CTJ Nucl Med2006472879716455635Search in Google Scholar
Römer W, Nömayr A, Uder M, Werner Bautz, Torsten Kuwert. SPECT-guided CT for evaluating foci of increased bone metabolism classified as indeterminate on SPECT in cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 1102–6. PMID: 16818944RömerWNömayrAUderMBautzWernerKuwertTorstenSPECT-guided CT for evaluating foci of increased bone metabolism classified as indeterminate on SPECT in cancer patientsJ Nucl Med2006471102616818944Search in Google Scholar
Utsunomiya D, Shiraishi S, Imuta M, Tomiguchi S, Kawanaka K, Morishita S, et al. Added value of SPECT/CT fusion in assessing suspected bone metastasis: comparison with scintigraphy alone and nonfused scintigraphy and CT. Radiology 2006; 238: 264–71. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2373041358UtsunomiyaDShiraishiSImutaMTomiguchiSKawanakaKMorishitaSAdded value of SPECT/CT fusion in assessing suspected bone metastasis: comparison with scintigraphy alone and nonfused scintigraphy and CTRadiology20062382647110.1148/radiol.2373041358Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Schmidt GP, Schoenberg SO, Schmid R, Stahl R, Tiling R, Becker CR, et al. Screening for bone metastases: whole-body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual-modality PET-CT. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 939–49. doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0361-8SchmidtGPSchoenbergSOSchmidRStahlRTilingRBeckerCRScreening for bone metastases: whole-body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual-modality PET-CTEur Radiol2007179394910.1007/s00330-006-0361-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kogan F, Broski SM, Yoon D, Gold GE. Applications of PET-MRI in musculoskeletal disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48: 27–47. doi:10.1002/jmri.26183KoganFBroskiSMYoonDGoldGEApplications of PET-MRI in musculoskeletal diseaseJ Magn Reson Imaging201848274710.1002/jmri.26183Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vanel D, Dromain C, Tardivon A. MRI of bone marrow disorders. Eur Radiol 2000; 10: 224–229. doi: 10.1007/s003300050038VanelDDromainCTardivonAMRI of bone marrow disordersEur Radiol20001022422910.1007/s003300050038Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Padhani AR, Koh DM, Collins DJ. Whole-body diffusion weighted MR imaging in cancer: current status and research directions. Radiology 2011; 261: 700–18. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11110474PadhaniARKohDMCollinsDJWhole-body diffusion weighted MR imaging in cancer: current status and research directionsRadiology20112617001810.1148/radiol.11110474Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hildebrandt MG, Gerke O, Baun C, Falch K, Hansen JA, Farahani ZA, et al. [181F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in suspected recurrent breast cancer: a prospective comparative study of dual-time-point FDG-PET/CT, contrast-enhanced CT, and bone scintigraphy. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 1889–97. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.63.5185HildebrandtMGGerkeOBaunCFalchKHansenJAFarahaniZA[181F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in suspected recurrent breast cancer: a prospective comparative study of dual-time-point FDG-PET/CT, contrast-enhanced CT, and bone scintigraphyJ Clin Oncol20163418899710.1200/JCO.2015.63.5185Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Park S, Yoon J-K, Lee SJ, Kang SY, Yim H, An Y-S. Prognostic utility of FDG PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in breast cancer patients with bone-only metastasis. Medicine 2017; 96: e8985. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008985ParkSYoonJ-KLeeSJKangSYYimHAnY-SPrognostic utility of FDG PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in breast cancer patients with bone-only metastasisMedicine201796e898510.1097/MD.0000000000008985Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Du Y, Cullum I, Illidge TM, Ell PJ. Fusion of metabolic function and morphology: sequential [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography studies yield new insights into the natural history of bone metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3440–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.2854DuYCullumIIllidgeTMEllPJFusion of metabolic function and morphology: sequential [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography studies yield new insights into the natural history of bone metastases in breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2007253440710.1200/JCO.2007.11.2854Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Krüger S, Buck AK, Mottaghy FM, Hasenkamp E, Pauls S, Schumann C, et al. Detection of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, 18F-fluoride PET or 18F-FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36: 1807. doi: 10.1007/s00259-009-1181-2KrügerSBuckAKMottaghyFMHasenkampEPaulsSSchumannCDetection of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, 18F-fluoride PET or 18F-FDG PET/CTEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging200936180710.1007/s00259-009-1181-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hahn S, Heusner T, Kümmel S, Köninger A, Nagarajah J, Müller S, et al. Comparison of FDG-PET/CT and bone scintigraphy for detection of bone metastases in breast cancer. Acta Radiol 2011; 52: 1009–14. doi: 10.1258/ar.2011.100507HahnSHeusnerTKümmelSKöningerANagarajahJMüllerSComparison of FDG-PET/CT and bone scintigraphy for detection of bone metastases in breast cancerActa Radiol20115210091410.1258/ar.2011.100507Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Yang HL, Liu T, Wang XM, Xu Y, Deng SM. Diagnosis of bone metastases: a meta-analysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 2604–17. doi: 10.1007/s00330-011-2221-4YangHLLiuTWangXMXuYDengSMDiagnosis of bone metastases: a meta-analysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphyEur Radiol20112126041710.1007/s00330-011-2221-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Huyge V, Garcia C, Vanderstappen A, Alexiou J, Gil T, Flamen P. Progressive osteoblastic bone metastases in breast cancer negative on FDG-PET. Clin Nucl Med 2009; 34: 417–20. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e3181a7d03cHuygeVGarciaCVanderstappenAAlexiouJGilTFlamenPProgressive osteoblastic bone metastases in breast cancer negative on FDG-PETClin Nucl Med2009344172010.1097/RLU.0b013e3181a7d03cOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nakai T, Okuyama C, Kubota T, Yamada K, Ushijima Y, Taniike K, et al. Pitfalls of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of osteoblastic bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32: 1253–8. doi: 10.1007/s00259-005-1842-8NakaiTOkuyamaCKubotaTYamadaKUshijimaYTaniikeKPitfalls of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of osteoblastic bone metastases in patients with breast cancerEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging2005321253810.1007/s00259-005-1842-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Liu T, Cheng T, Xu W, Yan WL, Liu J, Yang HL. A metanalysis of 18FDG-PET, MRI and bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Skeletal Radiol 2011; 40: 523–31. doi: 10.1007/s00256-010-0963-8LiuTChengTXuWYanWLLiuJYangHLA metanalysis of 18FDG-PET, MRI and bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with breast cancerSkeletal Radiol2011405233110.1007/s00256-010-0963-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jambor I, Kuisma A, Ramadan S, Huovinen R, Sandell M, Kajander S, et al. Prospective evaluation of planar bone scintigraphy, SPECT, SPECT/CT, 18F-NaF PET/CT and whole body 1.5T MRI, including DWI, for the detection of bone metastases in high risk breast and prostate cancer patients: SKELETA clinical trial. Acta Oncol 2016; 55: 59–67. doi: 10.3109/0284186X.2015.1027411JamborIKuismaARamadanSHuovinenRSandellMKajanderSProspective evaluation of planar bone scintigraphy, SPECT, SPECT/CT, 18F-NaF PET/CT and whole body 1.5T MRI, including DWI, for the detection of bone metastases in high risk breast and prostate cancer patients: SKELETA clinical trialActa Oncol201655596710.3109/0284186X.2015.1027411Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ghanem N, Uhl M, Brink I, Schäfer O, Kelly T, Moser E, et al. Diagnostic value of MRI in comparison to scintigraphy, PET, MS-CT and PET/CT for the detection of metastases of bone. Eur J Radiol 2005; 55: 41–55. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.016GhanemNUhlMBrinkISchäferOKellyTMoserEDiagnostic value of MRI in comparison to scintigraphy, PET, MS-CT and PET/CT for the detection of metastases of boneEur J Radiol200555415510.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.016Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Qu X, Huang X, Yan W, Wu L, Dai K. A meta-analysis of 18FDG-PET–CT, 18FDG-PET, MRI and bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 1007–15. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.126QuXHuangXYanWWuLDaiKA meta-analysis of 18FDG-PET–CT, 18FDG-PET, MRI and bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with lung cancerEur J Radiol20128110071510.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.126Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Eiber M, Takei T, Souvatzoglou M, Fürst S, Gaertner FC, Loeffelbein DJ, et al. Performance of whole-body integrated 18F-FDG PET/MR in comparison to PET/CT for evaluation of malignant bone lesions. J Nucl Med 2014; 55: 191–7. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.113.123646EiberMTakeiTSouvatzoglouMFürstSGaertnerFCLoeffelbeinDJPerformance of whole-body integrated 18F-FDG PET/MR in comparison to PET/CT for evaluation of malignant bone lesionsJ Nucl Med201455191710.2967/jnumed.113.123646Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Beiderwellen K, Huebner M, Heusch P, Grueneisen J, Ruhlmann V, Nensa F, et al. Whole-body [(1)(8)F]FDG PET/MRI vs. PET/CT in the assessment of bone lesions in oncological patients: initial results. Eur Radiol 2014; 24: 2023–30. doi: 10.1007/s00330-014-3229-3BeiderwellenKHuebnerMHeuschPGrueneisenJRuhlmannVNensaFWhole-body [(1)(8)F]FDG PET/MRI vs. PET/CT in the assessment of bone lesions in oncological patients: initial resultsEur Radiol20142420233010.1007/s00330-014-3229-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Löfgren J, Mortensen J, Rasmussen SH, Madsen C, Loft A, Hansen AE, et al. A prospective study comparing 99mTc-hydroxyethylene-diphosphonate planar bone scintigraphy and whole-body SPECT/CT with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and 18F-fluoride PET/MRI for diagnosing bone metastases. J Nucl Med 2017; 58: 1778–85. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.189183LöfgrenJMortensenJRasmussenSHMadsenCLoftAHansenAEA prospective study comparing 99mTc-hydroxyethylene-diphosphonate planar bone scintigraphy and whole-body SPECT/CT with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and 18F-fluoride PET/MRI for diagnosing bone metastasesJ Nucl Med20175817788510.2967/jnumed.116.189183Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bruckmann NM, Kirchner IJ, Umutlu L, Fendler WF, Seifert R, Hermann K, et al. Prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/MRI, MRI, CT, and bone scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in the initial staging of primary breast cancer patients. Eur Radiol 2021; 31: 8714–24. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-07956-0BruckmannNMKirchnerIJUmutluLFendlerWFSeifertRHermannKProspective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/MRI, MRI, CT, and bone scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in the initial staging of primary breast cancer patientsEur Radiol20213187142410.1007/s00330-021-07956-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Catalano OA, Nicolai E, Rosen BR, Luongo A, Catalano M, Iannace C, et al. Comparison of CE FDG-PET/CT with CE-FDG-PET/MR in the evaluation of osseous metastases in breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2015; 112: 1452–60. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.112CatalanoOANicolaiERosenBRLuongoACatalanoMIannaceCComparison of CE FDG-PET/CT with CE-FDG-PET/MR in the evaluation of osseous metastases in breast cancer patientsBr J Cancer201511214526010.1038/bjc.2015.112Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sonni I, Minamimoto R, Baratto L, Gambhir SS, Loening AM, Vasanawala SS, et al. Simultaneous PET/MRI in the evaluation of breast and prostate cancer using combined Na[18F] F and [18F]FDG: a focus on skeletal lesions. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22: 397–406. doi: 10.1007/s11307-020-01471-2SonniIMinamimotoRBarattoLGambhirSSLoeningAMVasanawalaSSSimultaneous PET/MRI in the evaluation of breast and prostate cancer using combined Na[18F] F and [18F]FDG: a focus on skeletal lesionsMol Imaging Biol20202239740610.1007/s11307-020-01471-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sawicki LM, Grueneisen J, Schaarschmidt BM, Buchbender C, Nagarajah J, Umutlu L, et al. Evaluation of 18F-FDG PET/MRI, 18F-FDG PET/CT, MRI, and CT in whole-body staging of recurrent breast cancer. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85: 459–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.12.010SawickiLMGrueneisenJSchaarschmidtBMBuchbenderCNagarajahJUmutluLEvaluation of 18F-FDG PET/MRI, 18F-FDG PET/CT, MRI, and CT in whole-body staging of recurrent breast cancerEur J Radiol2016854596510.1016/j.ejrad.2015.12.010Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Samarin A, Hullner M, Queiroz MA, Stolzmann P, Burger IA, Schulthess G, et al. 18F-FDG-PET/MR increases diagnostic confidence in detection of bone metastases compared with 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36: 1165–1173. doi: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000387SamarinAHullnerMQueirozMAStolzmannPBurgerIASchulthessG18F-FDG-PET/MR increases diagnostic confidence in detection of bone metastases compared with 18F-FDG-PET/CTNucl Med Commun2015361165117310.1097/MNM.0000000000000387Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Freitag MT, Radtke JP, Hadaschik BA, Kopp-Schneider A, Eder M, Kopka K, et al. Comparison of hybrid 68Ga-PSMA PET/MRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the evaluation of lymph node and bone metastases of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43: 70–83. doi: 10.1007/s00259-015-3206-3FreitagMTRadtkeJPHadaschikBAKopp-SchneiderAEderMKopkaKComparison of hybrid 68Ga-PSMA PET/MRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the evaluation of lymph node and bone metastases of prostate cancerEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging201643708310.1007/s00259-015-3206-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Steinborn MM, Heuck AF, Tiling R, Bruegel M, Gauger L, Reiser M. Whole-body bone marrow MRI in patients with metastatic disease to the skeletal system. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999; 23: 123–9. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199901000-00026SteinbornMMHeuckAFTilingRBruegelMGaugerLReiserMWhole-body bone marrow MRI in patients with metastatic disease to the skeletal systemJ Comput Assist Tomogr199923123910.1097/00004728-199901000-00026Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhan Y, Zhang G, Li M, Zhou X. Whole-body MRI vs. PET/CT for the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11: 633833. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.633833ZhanYZhangGLiMZhouXWhole-body MRI vs. PET/CT for the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysisFront Oncol20211163383310.3389/fonc.2021.633833Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bashir U, Mallia A, Stirling J, Joemon J, MacKewn J, Charles-Edwards G, et al. PET/MRI in oncological imaging: state of the art. Diagnostics 2015; 5: 333–57. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics5030333BashirUMalliaAStirlingJJoemonJMacKewnJCharles-EdwardsGPET/MRI in oncological imaging: state of the artDiagnostics201553335710.3390/diagnostics5030333Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Araz M, Aras G, Kucuk ON. The role of 18F-NaF PET/CT in metastatic bone disease. J Bone Oncol 2015; 16: 92–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbo.2015.08.002ArazMArasGKucukONThe role of 18F-NaF PET/CT in metastatic bone diseaseJ Bone Oncol20151692710.1016/j.jbo.2015.08.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar