Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy (BEST) for the treatment of vascular malformations. An International Network for Sharing Practices on Electrochemotherapy (InspECT) study group report

1. Classification International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 16]. Available at: https://www.issva.org/classification Classification International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. [Internet] [cited 2023 May 16]. Available at: https://www.issva.org/classification Search in Google Scholar

2. Wu IC, Orbach DB. Neurointerventional management of high-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2009; 19: 219–40. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2009.01.005. WuIC OrbachDB Neurointerventional management of high-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2009 19 219 40 10.1016/j.nic.2009.01.005 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Sadick M, Wohlgemuth WA, Huelse R, Lange B, Henzler T, Schoenberg SO, et al. Interdisciplinary management of head and neck vascular anomalies: clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and minimalinvasive therapies. Eur J Radiol Open 2017; 4: 63–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejro.2017.05.001 SadickM WohlgemuthWA HuelseR LangeB HenzlerT SchoenbergSO Interdisciplinary management of head and neck vascular anomalies: clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and minimalinvasive therapies Eur J Radiol Open 2017 4 63 8 10.1016/j.ejro.2017.05.001 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Hage AN, Beecham Chick JF, Srinivasa RN, Bundy JJ, Chauhan NR, Acord M, et al. Treatment of venous malformations: the data, where we are, and how it is done. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 21: 45–54. doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2018.03.001 HageAN Beecham ChickJF SrinivasaRN BundyJJ ChauhanNR AcordM Treatment of venous malformations: the data, where we are, and how it is done Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2018 21 45 54 10.1053/j.tvir.2018.03.001 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Horbach SER, Lokhorst MM, Saeed P, de Goüyon Matignon de Pontouraude CMF, Rothová A, Van Der Horst CMAM. Sclerotherapy for low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck: a systematic review of sclerosing agents. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69: 295–304. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.10.045 HorbachSER LokhorstMM SaeedP de Goüyon Matignon de PontouraudeCMF RothováA Van Der HorstCMAM Sclerotherapy for low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck: a systematic review of sclerosing agents J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016 69 295 304 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.10.045 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Maria L De, Sanctis P De, Balakrishnan K, Tollefson M, Brinjikji W. Sclerotherapy for venous malformations of head and neck: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurointervention 2020; 15: 4. doi: 10.5469/neuroint.2019.00213 MariaL De SanctisP De BalakrishnanK TollefsonM BrinjikjiW Sclerotherapy for venous malformations of head and neck: systematic review and meta-analysis Neurointervention 2020 15 4 10.5469/neuroint.2019.00213 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Johnson AB, Richter GT. Surgical considerations in vascular malformations. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 22: 100635. doi: 10.1016/j.tvir.2019.100635 JohnsonAB RichterGT Surgical considerations in vascular malformations Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2019 22 100635 10.1016/j.tvir.2019.100635 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Wang YJ, Fletcher R, Yu J, Zhang L. Immunogenic effects of chemotherapy-induced tumor cell death. Genes Dis 2018; 5: 194. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.003 WangYJ FletcherR YuJ ZhangL Immunogenic effects of chemotherapy-induced tumor cell death Genes Dis 2018 5 194 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.003 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Sersa G, Ursic K, Cemazar M, Heller R, Bosnjak M, Campana LG. Biological factors of the tumour response to electrochemotherapy: review of the evidence and a research roadmap. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 47: 1836–1846. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.03.229 SersaG UrsicK CemazarM HellerR BosnjakM CampanaLG Biological factors of the tumour response to electrochemotherapy: review of the evidence and a research roadmap Eur J Surg Oncol 2021 47 1836 1846 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.03.229 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Ursic K, Kos S, Kamensek U, Cemazar M, Miceska S, Markelc B, et al. Potentiation of electrochemotherapy effectiveness by immunostimulation with IL-12 gene electrotransfer in mice is dependent on tumor immune status. J Control Release 2021; 332: 623–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.009 UrsicK KosS KamensekU CemazarM MiceskaS MarkelcB Potentiation of electrochemotherapy effectiveness by immunostimulation with IL-12 gene electrotransfer in mice is dependent on tumor immune status J Control Release 2021 332 623 35 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.009 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Yarmush ML, Golberg A, Sersa G, Kotnik T, Miklavcic D. Electroporation-based technologies for medicine: principles, applications, and challenges. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 16: 295–320. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-104622 YarmushML GolbergA SersaG KotnikT MiklavcicD Electroporation-based technologies for medicine: principles, applications, and challenges Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014 16 295 320 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-104622 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Kesar U, Markelc B, Jesenko T, Valentinuzzi KU, Cemazar M, Strojan P, et al. Effects of electrochemotherapy on immunologically important modifications in tumor cells. Vaccines 2023; 11: 925. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11050925 KesarU MarkelcB JesenkoT ValentinuzziKU CemazarM StrojanP Effects of electrochemotherapy on immunologically important modifications in tumor cells Vaccines 2023 11 925 10.3390/vaccines11050925 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Sersa G, Teissie J, Cemazar M, Signori E, Kamensek U, Marshall G, et al. Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64: 1315–27. doi: 10.1007/s00262-015-1724-2 SersaG TeissieJ CemazarM SignoriE KamensekU MarshallG Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015 64 1315 27 10.1007/s00262-015-1724-2 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Groselj A, Bosnjak M, Jesenko T, Cemazar M, Markelc B, Strojan P, et al. Treatment of skin tumors with intratumoral interleukin 12 gene electrotransfer in the head and neck region: a first-in-human clinical trial protocol. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56: 398–408. doi: 10.2478/raon-2022-0021 GroseljA BosnjakM JesenkoT CemazarM MarkelcB StrojanP Treatment of skin tumors with intratumoral interleukin 12 gene electrotransfer in the head and neck region: a first-in-human clinical trial protocol Radiol Oncol 2022 56 398 408 10.2478/raon-2022-0021 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Conforti A, Marra E, Palombo F, Roscilli G, Ravà M, Fumagalli V, et al. COVID-eVax, an electroporated DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, elicits protective responses in animal models. Mol Ther 2022; 30: 311–26. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.011 ConfortiA MarraE PalomboF RoscilliG RavàM FumagalliV COVID-eVax, an electroporated DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, elicits protective responses in animal models Mol Ther 2022 30 311 26 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.011 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Campana LG, Edhemovic I, Soden D, Perrone AM, Scarpa M, Campanacci L, et al. Electrochemotherapy – emerging applications technical advances, new indications, combined approaches, and multi-institutional collaboration. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45: 92–102. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.11.023 CampanaLG EdhemovicI SodenD PerroneAM ScarpaM CampanacciL Electrochemotherapy – emerging applications technical advances, new indications, combined approaches, and multi-institutional collaboration Eur J Surg Oncol 2019 45 92 102 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.11.023 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Clover AJP, de Terlizzi F, Bertino G, Curatolo P, Odili J, Campana LG, et al. Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous malignancy: outcomes and subgroup analysis from the cumulative results from the pan-European International Network for Sharing Practice in Electrochemotherapy database for 2482 lesions in 987 patients (2008–2019). Eur J Cancer 2020; 138: 30–40. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.06.020 CloverAJP de TerlizziF BertinoG CuratoloP OdiliJ CampanaLG Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous malignancy: outcomes and subgroup analysis from the cumulative results from the pan-European International Network for Sharing Practice in Electrochemotherapy database for 2482 lesions in 987 patients (2008–2019) Eur J Cancer 2020 138 30 40 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.06.020 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Mir LM, Orlowski S, Belehradek J, Paoletti C. Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 68–72. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(91)90064-K MirLM OrlowskiS BelehradekJ PaolettiC Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses Eur J Cancer 1991 27 68 72 10.1016/0277-5379(91)90064-K Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Wang M, Duan Y, Yang M, Guo Y, Li F, Wang J, et al. The analysis of immunogenic cell death induced by ablation at different temperatures in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11: 1146195. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1146195 WangM DuanY YangM GuoY LiF WangJ The analysis of immunogenic cell death induced by ablation at different temperatures in hepatocellular carcinoma cells Front Cell Dev Biol 2023 11 1146195 10.3389/fcell.2023.1146195 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Polajzer T, Jarm T, Miklavcic D. Analysis of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules due to electroporation of cells in vitro. Radiol Oncol 2020; 54: 317–328. doi: 10.2478/raon-2020-0047 PolajzerT JarmT MiklavcicD Analysis of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules due to electroporation of cells in vitro Radiol Oncol 2020 54 317 328 10.2478/raon-2020-0047 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Campana LG, Peric B, Mascherini M, Spina R, Kunte C, Kis E, et al. Combination of pembrolizumab with electrochemotherapy in cutaneous metastases from melanoma: a comparative retrospective study from the inspect and slovenian cancer registry. Cancers 2021; 13: 4289. doi: 10.3390/cancers13174289 CampanaLG PericB MascheriniM SpinaR KunteC KisE Combination of pembrolizumab with electrochemotherapy in cutaneous metastases from melanoma: a comparative retrospective study from the inspect and slovenian cancer registry Cancers 2021 13 4289 10.3390/cancers13174289 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Sersa G, Cemazar M, Parkins CS, Chaplin DJ. Tumour blood flow changes induced by application of electric pulses. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35: 672–7. doi: 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00426-2 SersaG CemazarM ParkinsCS ChaplinDJ Tumour blood flow changes induced by application of electric pulses Eur J Cancer 1999 35 672 7 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00426-2 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Gehl J, Skovsgaard T, Mir LM. Vascular reactions to in vivo electroporation: characterization and consequences for drug and gene delivery. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2002; 1569: 51–8. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00233-1 GehlJ SkovsgaardT MirLM Vascular reactions to in vivo electroporation: characterization and consequences for drug and gene delivery Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2002 1569 51 8 10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00233-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Jarm T, Cemazar M, Miklavcic D, Sersa G. Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10: 729–46. doi: 10.1586/era.10.43. JarmT CemazarM MiklavcicD SersaG Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010 10 729 46 10.1586/era.10.43 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Markelc B, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Differential mechanisms associated with vascular disrupting action of electrochemotherapy: intravital microscopy on the level of single normal and tumor blood vessels. PLoS One 2013; 8: e59557 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059557 MarkelcB SersaG CemazarM Differential mechanisms associated with vascular disrupting action of electrochemotherapy: intravital microscopy on the level of single normal and tumor blood vessels PLoS One 2013 8 e59557 10.1371/journal.pone.0059557 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Markelc B, Bellard E, Sersa G, Jesenko T, Pelofy S, Teissié J, et al. Increased permeability of blood vessels after reversible electroporation is facilitated by alterations in endothelial cell-to-cell junctions. J Control Release 2018; 276: 30–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.032 MarkelcB BellardE SersaG JesenkoT PelofyS TeissiéJ Increased permeability of blood vessels after reversible electroporation is facilitated by alterations in endothelial cell-to-cell junctions J Control Release 2018 276 30 41 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.032 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Sersa G, Jarm T, Kotnik T, Coer A, Podkrajsek M, Sentjurc M, et al. Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 388–98. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604168 SersaG JarmT KotnikT CoerA PodkrajsekM SentjurcM Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma Br J Cancer 2008 98 388 98 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604168 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Djokic M, Cemazar M, Popovic P, Kos B, Dezman R, Bosnjak M, et al. Electrochemotherapy as treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma, a prospective pilot study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018; 44: 651–657. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.01.090 DjokicM CemazarM PopovicP KosB DezmanR BosnjakM Electrochemotherapy as treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma, a prospective pilot study Eur J Surg Oncol 2018 44 651 657 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.01.090 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Edhemovic I, Brecelj E, Cemazar M, Boc N, Trotovsek B, Djokic M, et al. Intraoperative electrochemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases: a prospective phase II study. Eur J Surg Oncl 2020; 46: 1628–1633. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.04.037 EdhemovicI BreceljE CemazarM BocN TrotovsekB DjokicM Intraoperative electrochemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases: a prospective phase II study Eur J Surg Oncl 2020 46 1628 1633 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.04.037 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Groselj A, Kranjc S, Bosnjak M, Krzan M, Kosjek T, Prevc A, et al. Vascularization of the tumours affects the pharmacokinetics of bleomycin and the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123: 247–256. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13012 GroseljA KranjcS BosnjakM KrzanM KosjekT PrevcA Vascularization of the tumours affects the pharmacokinetics of bleomycin and the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018 123 247 256 10.1111/bcpt.13012 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Curatolo P, Careri R, Simioni A, Campana LG. Cryotherapy, imiquimod, and electrochemotherapy are effective options for kaposi sarcoma: a call for standardization to allow for comparisons and informed decisions. J Cutan Med Surg 2020; 24: 218–9. doi: 10.1177/1203475419893302 CuratoloP CareriR SimioniA CampanaLG Cryotherapy, imiquimod, and electrochemotherapy are effective options for kaposi sarcoma: a call for standardization to allow for comparisons and informed decisions J Cutan Med Surg 2020 24 218 9 10.1177/1203475419893302 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Lalanda R, Bartolo J, Carvalhal S, Abecasis N, Farricha V, Sofia R, et al. Cutaneous and subcutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma lesions treated with electrochemotherapy. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62: 115–119. doi: 10.1111/ijd.16261 LalandaR BartoloJ CarvalhalS AbecasisN FarrichaV SofiaR Cutaneous and subcutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma lesions treated with electrochemotherapy Int J Dermatol 2023 62 115 119 10.1111/ijd.16261 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. Guida M, Campana LG, Curatolo P, Strippoli S, Bonadies A, Grilz G, et al. Local treatment with electrochemotherapy of superficial angiosarcomas: efficacy and safety results from a multi-institutional retrospective study. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114: 246–53. doi: 10.1002/jso.24287 GuidaM CampanaLG CuratoloP StrippoliS BonadiesA GrilzG Local treatment with electrochemotherapy of superficial angiosarcomas: efficacy and safety results from a multi-institutional retrospective study J Surg Oncol 2016 114 246 53 10.1002/jso.24287 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Campana LG, Kis E, Bottyán K, Orlando A, de Terlizzi F, Mitsala G, et al. Electrochemotherapy for advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma: a European register-based cohort study from the International Network for Sharing Practices of Electrochemotherapy (InspECT). Int J Surg 2019; 72: 34–42. doi: 10.1016/J.IJSU.2019.10.013 CampanaLG KisE BottyánK OrlandoA de TerlizziF MitsalaG Electrochemotherapy for advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma: a European register-based cohort study from the International Network for Sharing Practices of Electrochemotherapy (InspECT) Int J Surg 2019 72 34 42 10.1016/J.IJSU.2019.10.013 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Djokic M, Cemazar M, Bosnjak M, Dezman R, Badovinac D, Miklavcic D, et al. A Prospective phase II study evaluating intraoperative electrochemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers 2020; 12: 3778. doi: 10.3390/cancers12123778 DjokicM CemazarM BosnjakM DezmanR BadovinacD MiklavcicD A Prospective phase II study evaluating intraoperative electrochemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma Cancers 2020 12 3778 10.3390/cancers12123778 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Spiliotis AE, Holländer S, Rudzitis-Auth J, Wagenpfeil G, Eisele R, Nika S, et al. Evaluation of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in the treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases in a rat model. Cancers 2023; 15: 1598. doi: 10.3390/cancers15051598 SpiliotisAE HolländerS Rudzitis-AuthJ WagenpfeilG EiseleR NikaS Evaluation of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in the treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases in a rat model Cancers 2023 15 1598 10.3390/cancers15051598 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Gehl J, Geertsen PF. Palliation of haemorrhaging and ulcerated cutaneous tumours using electrochemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Supp 2006; 4: 35–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.07.007 GehlJ GeertsenPF Palliation of haemorrhaging and ulcerated cutaneous tumours using electrochemotherapy Eur J Cancer Supp 2006 4 35 7 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.07.007 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Lampejo AO, Ghavimi SAA, Hägerling R, Agarwal S, Murfee WL. Lymphatic/blood vessel plasticity: motivation for a future research area based on present and past observations. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324: H109–21. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00612.2022 LampejoAO GhavimiSAA HägerlingR AgarwalS MurfeeWL Lymphatic/blood vessel plasticity: motivation for a future research area based on present and past observations Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023 324 H109 21 10.1152/ajpheart.00612.2022 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Gasljevic G, Edhemovic I, Cemazar M, Brecelj E, Gadzijev EM, Music MM, et al. Histopathological findings in colorectal liver metastases after electrochemotherapy. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0180709. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180709 GasljevicG EdhemovicI CemazarM BreceljE GadzijevEM MusicMM Histopathological findings in colorectal liver metastases after electrochemotherapy PLoS One 2017 12 e0180709 10.1371/journal.pone.0180709 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Wohlgemuth WA, Müller-Wille R, Meyer L, Wildgruber M, Guntau M, Heydt S von der, et al. Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy in therapy-resistant venous malformations of the body. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021; 9: 731–9. doi: 10.1016/J.JVSV.2020.09.009 WohlgemuthWA Müller-WilleR MeyerL WildgruberM GuntauM HeydtS von der Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy in therapy-resistant venous malformations of the body J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021 9 731 9 10.1016/J.JVSV.2020.09.009 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Krt A, Cemazar M, Lovric D, Sersa G, Jamsek C, Groselj A. Combining superselective catheterization and electrochemotherapy: a new technological approach to the treatment of high-flow head and neck vascular malformations. Front Oncol 2022; 12: 1025270. doi: 10.3389/FONC.2022.1025270 KrtA CemazarM LovricD SersaG JamsekC GroseljA Combining superselective catheterization and electrochemotherapy: a new technological approach to the treatment of high-flow head and neck vascular malformations Front Oncol 2022 12 1025270 10.3389/FONC.2022.1025270 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42. Kostusiak M, Murugan S, Muir T. Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy treatment in the management of vascular malformations. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48: 67–71. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000003220 KostusiakM MuruganS MuirT Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy treatment in the management of vascular malformations Dermatol Surg 2022 48 67 71 10.1097/DSS.0000000000003220 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Dalmády S, Csoma Z, Besenyi Z, Bottyán K, Oláh J, Kemény L, et al. New treatment option for capillary lymphangioma: bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy of an infant. Pediatrics 2020; 146: e20200566. doi: 10.1542/PEDS.2020-0566 DalmádyS CsomaZ BesenyiZ BottyánK OláhJ KeményL New treatment option for capillary lymphangioma: bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy of an infant Pediatrics 2020 146 e20200566 10.1542/PEDS.2020-0566 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. McMorrow L, Shaikh M, Kessell G, Muir T. Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy: new treatment to manage vascular malformations. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 55: 977–9. doi: 10.1016/J.BJOMS.2017.10.002 McMorrowL ShaikhM KessellG MuirT Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy: new treatment to manage vascular malformations Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 55 977 9 10.1016/J.BJOMS.2017.10.002 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45. Horbach SER, Wolkerstorfer A, Jolink F, Bloemen PR, van der Horst CMAM. Electrosclerotherapy as a novel treatment option for hypertrophic capillary malformations: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Dermatol Surg 2020; 46: 491–8. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002191 HorbachSER WolkerstorferA JolinkF BloemenPR van der HorstCMAM Electrosclerotherapy as a novel treatment option for hypertrophic capillary malformations: a randomized controlled pilot trial Dermatol Surg 2020 46 491 8 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002191 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46. Ge V, Banakh I, Tiruvoipati R, Haji K. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity and treatment with infliximab: a case report. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6: 2011–4. doi: 10.1002/CCR3.1790 GeV BanakhI TiruvoipatiR HajiK Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity and treatment with infliximab: a case report Clin Case Rep 2018 6 2011 4 10.1002/CCR3.1790 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47. Benedik J, Ogorevc B, Brezar SK, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Groselj A. Comparison of general anesthesia and continuous intravenous sedation for electrochemotherapy of head and neck skin lesions. Front Oncol 2022; 12: 1011721. doi: 10.3389/FONC.2022.1011721 BenedikJ OgorevcB BrezarSK CemazarM SersaG GroseljA Comparison of general anesthesia and continuous intravenous sedation for electrochemotherapy of head and neck skin lesions Front Oncol 2022 12 1011721 10.3389/FONC.2022.1011721 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Gehl J, Sersa G, Matthiessen LW, Muir T, Soden D, Occhini A, et al. Updated standard operating procedures for electrochemotherapy of cutaneous tumours and skin metastases. Acta Oncol 2018; 57: 874–82. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2018.1454602 GehlJ SersaG MatthiessenLW MuirT SodenD OcchiniA Updated standard operating procedures for electrochemotherapy of cutaneous tumours and skin metastases Acta Oncol 2018 57 874 82 10.1080/0284186X.2018.1454602 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar