Many young women in the reproductive period of life who do not yet have children or would like to have another child suffer from cancer. Today, cancer therapies are successful, but unfortunately, they can negatively affect the ovarian function (including oocyte quality) and fertility. At a median of 5.0 years from initial breast cancer diagnosis, 49% patients after adjuvant chemotherapy with anthracyclines and taxanes and 11% after therapy with tamoxifen had become post- and peri-menopausal.1 Decreased ovarian follicle reserve occurs in more than one-third of patients after breast cancer treatment resulting in permanent infertility.2 In long-term female survivors of pediatric hema tologic malignancies 26.7% experienced premature ovarian insufficiency and face infertility after cancer treatment.3 The situation is similar with other cancers; cancer therapy is the cause of premature ovarian failure in 25% of women with this diagnosis.4 Therefore, it is very important to consider the preservation of female fertility before oncotherapy. An improvement in the survival rates of cancer patients and recent advances in assisted reproductive technologies have led to significant progress in fertility preservation treatments.
One option is vitrification and long-term storage of the patient's oocytes for later
Human oocyte cryopreservation may offer some advantages compared to embryo freezing in cancer patients and also eliminates some ethical, legal, and moral concerns of embryo freezing17, and is an option in young cancer patients who are single.9,18 However, the chance of success depends primarily on the number of oocytes that have been vitrified in the patient15 and some breast cancer patients may have contraindications to exogenous gonadotropin administration for controlled ovarian stimulation.19 Some recent data show that ovarian stimulation for oocyte vitrification does not modify disease-free survival and overall survival rates in patients with early breast cancer20 and the safety of pregnancy after an established diagnosis of breast cancer has been confirmed in numerous studies.21
In the case of vitrification and storage of oocytes, controlled hormonal stimulation of the ovaries is required to obtain oocytes. Despite careful hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, the significant proportion of oocytes obtained by ultrasound-guided aspiration of ovarian follicles is immature as metaphase I (MI) oocytes or prophase I oocytes with germinal vesicle (GV). Immature MI oocytes mostly mature spontaneously
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of maturation of immature GV oocytes of cancer patients in laboratory conditions (in maturation medium and co-culture with cumulus cells from mature oocytes of the same patients) compared to control women involved in the IVF program due to fertility problems. Because all oocytes of cancer patients are still frozen, we tried to elucidate the success of IVF procedure, actually intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), on the
This research was approved by the Slovenian National Medical Ethical Committee (No. 0120222/2016-2; KME 115/04/16). In this prospective research the immature (germinal vesicle-GV, prophase I) oocytes of two groups of patients were included: i) 45 oocytes of 18 cancer patients with predominating breast cancer (Figure 1) and ii) 74 oocytes of 21 healthy (non-cancer) patients (control) with fertility problems (partners of infertile men with impaired semen quality: oligozoospermia with less than 15 million spermatozoa/ml or teratozoospermia with less than 4% morphologically normal spermatozoa according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Criteria 201024 who were included in the IVF program. All patients were in the reproductive period of life, aged 18 to 43 years.
Types of disease in cancer patients included in this study. Breast cancer patients predominated.
In both groups of patients, both immature and mature oocytes were together retrieved after controlled hormonal stimulation of the ovaries using the same, antagonist protocol and ultrasoundguided aspiration of ovarian follicles. In patients with fertility problems, the stimulation was started on day 2 of the menstrual cycle with 150 to 300 I.U. of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) daily. In cancer patients, the stimulation was initiated immediately after they have been sent to our department, no matter of the cycle phase. The ovarian stimulation was started with 225 to 300 I.U. of rFSH. In breast cancer patients, an aromatase inhibitor – letrozole (2.5 mg every 12 hours) was added to prevent estradiol rise and its possible detrimental effect on breast cancer. In all patients, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist was added, when dominant follicle measured 14 mm in a diameter. In patients with fertility problems, the oocyte maturation was triggered with choriogonadotropin alfa – Ovitrelle, when follicles measured 18 mm or more. If there were more than 15 follicles in both ovaries, the maturation triggering was performed with GnRH agonist. In majority of cancer patients, GnRH agonist was used for oocyte maturation to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; OHSS), but some of them, if there were less than 10 follicles in both ovaries, were also treated by Ovitrelle. All follicles with a diameter of 16 mm or more were aspirated in all patients. A constant aspiration pressure of 180 mm Hg was used to aspirate the oocytes from the follicles.
Mature oocytes with expressed polar body were immediately vitrified by soaking in a mixture of cryoprotectants, direct plunging into liquid nitrogen (-196oC), and stored in it, as described elsewhere.25
Immature GV oocytes were exposed to the procedure of IVM in a seria of media of the IVM Maturation System (MediCult IVM®System, Origio/CooperSurgical, Denmark).
For IVM, each GV oocyte was first exposed for two hours in the LAG Medium for conditioning and then for 24 to 28 hours to the maturation medium of this system containing the reproductive hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; 75 mIU/ ml) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG; 100 mIU/ml) and in a co-culture with cumulus cells denuded from mature oocytes of the same patient, as described elsewhere (Figure 2).26 During incubation in these media, oocytes were cultured in a CO2incubator at 37oC and 6% CO2 in air. Oocytes were supposed to be mature (in a metaphase II) when they extruded a polar body. All oocytes of cancer patients and the majority of oocytes of women with fertility problems that matured
CC = cumulus (granulosa) cells; O = oocyte; Red bar = A) 100 μm in B) 50 μm
In a subgroup of 17
Both groups of patients, cancer and infertile patients, were compared in terms of the number of oocytes obtained after controlled hormonal stimulation of their ovaries, the proportion of immature and degenerated oocytes, and the proportion of immature (GV) oocytes that matured
Cancer patients had different types of cancer, but breast cancer was predominant (Figure 1). The average age of cancer patients was 30.3 ± 6.3 years and of women with fertility problems 33.4 ± 5.0 years. The two groups of women did not differ significantly in their age. There was also no significant difference in the age of patients with breast cancer and patients with other cancers (32.0 ± 6.2
After controlled hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, 198 oocytes were retrieved in cancer patients and 259 oocytes in infertile women. Cancer patients and patients with fertility problems did not differ significantly in the number of retrieved oocytes (11.0 ± 9.0 oocytes/patient
Differences in the number, quality and immaturity of oocytes after controlled hormonal stimulation of the ovaries in cancer patients compared to patients with fertility problems
Cancer patients (n = 18) | Patients with fertility problems (n = 21) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 30.3 ± 6.3 | 33.4 ± 5.0 |
Number of retrieved oocytes | 198 | 259 |
Oocytes per patient | 11.0 ± 9.0 | 12.3 ± 9.2 |
Number of degenerated oocytes | 17 (8.6%) | 17 (6.5%) |
Number of immature (MI + GV) oocytes | 59 (30.0%)* | 113 (43.6%) * |
Number of immature GV oocytes | 45 (23.0%) | 74 (28.6%) |
* = statistically significant difference (P = 0.0064) revealed by Fisher's exact test; significance was set at P < 0.05; GV = germinal vesicle; MI = metaphase I (oocyte meiosis)
If we considered the type of cancer, we found that there was no significant difference in the number of all immature (MI and GV) oocytes in patients with breast cancer compared to patients with fertility problems or patients with other cancers (4.17 ± 3.25
Forty-five GV oocytes in cancer patients and 74 GV oocytes in patients with fertility problems underwent IVM procedure (Table 2); the proportion of oocytes (15.5% in cancer patients and 12.2% in women with fertility problems) degenerated just before or during conditioning in LAG medium. We found that a lower proportion of oocytes matured
Numbers and percentages of oocytes that matured
Number of oocytes that underwent in vitro maturation | Number of oocytes that matured in vitro | |
---|---|---|
All cancer patients (n = 18) | 38 / 45 | 25 (1.39 ± 1.04 per patient)* (66.0%) |
Patients with breast cancer (n = 8) | 22 | 12 (54.5%) |
Patients with other cancers (n = 10) | 16 | 13 (81.2%) |
Patients with fertility problems (n = 21) | 65 / 74 | 52 (2.48 ± 1.83 per patient)* (80.0%) |
* = statistically significant difference (P < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test)
In cancer patients, there was also a lower proportion of oocytes that matured
Overall, 198 oocytes were retrieved in cancer patients, of which 139 were mature. Following IVM, the number of total mature oocytes increased to 164 (13.0% increase in mature oocyte yield). In patients with fertility problems, 259 oocytes were retrieved, of which 146 were mature. After IVM, the number of total mature oocytes increased to 198, which means 20.1% increase in mature oocyte yield. Thus, there was no significant difference in the yield of mature oocytes after IVM between cancer patients and patients with fertility problems. 15.5% (7/45) GV oocytes in cancer patients and 12.2% (9/74) GV oocytes in patients with fertility problems degenerated before
Non-significant differences in fertilized oocytes, non-cleaved zygotes, and cleavage embryos obtained by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on
ICSI cycles (n = 17) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Number of microinjected oocytes | 49 | 121 | |
Fertilized oocytes | (55.127 %) | (57.069 %) | |
Non-cleaved zygotes | (15.04 %) | (11.68 %) | |
Cleavage embryos | (85.223 %) | (88.461 %) |
* = non-significant differences, as revealed by Fisher's exact test
After ICSI, the fertilization and cleavage rates of 49 oocytes that matured
In patients with an increased proportion of immature (GV) oocytes (≥ 31%), there was a tendency for a lower proportion of fertilized oocytes and a higher proportion of non-cleaved zygotes, but the differences were not statistically significant (Table 4).
Non-significant differences in results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles (fertilized oocytes, non-cleaved zygotes, cleavage embryos) on
ICSI cycles (n = 17) | ≤ 30% GV oocytes | ≥ 31% GV oocytes |
---|---|---|
Female age (years) | 34.4 ± 3.0 | 34.3 ± 5.6 |
Number of microinjected oocytes | 16 | 33 |
Fertilized oocytes | 11 (69.0%) | 16 (48.5%) |
Non-cleaved zygotes | 0 (0%) | 4 (25.0%) |
Cleavage embryos | 11 (100%) | 12 (75%) |
Non-significant differences, as revealed by Fisher's exact test
The results of this research show that cancer and control healthy patients with fertility problems did not differ in the number and quality of oocytes after controlled hormonal stimulation of their ovaries, which is positive. In cancer patients, there was even a significantly lower proportion of immature oocytes than in patients with fertility problems.
However, in patients with cancer, fewer oocytes per patient matured
The proportion of mature, MII oocytes in the patients with fertility problems included in this research was relatively low (56.4%) compared to the internationally accepted reference value of 7080%28, because we included mainly patients with a higher proportion of immature oocytes which did not reflect the average condition; in cancer patients, the proportion of mature oocytes was higher (70%) and within the reference value.28 The number and quality of oocytes in cancer patients did not differ between different cancers and from control patients with fertility problems. The same has been found in other studies for different types of cancer such as breast cancer, lymphoma, gliomas and other cancers.29,30 For breast cancer, the results of various studies are otherwise contradictory. In a study by Malacarne
There is little data in the literature on how different cancers affect the oocyte IVM in cancer patients. The oocyte IVM rate in breast cancer patients was found to be approximately 53.2 to 64.2% in the study of Shalom Paz
It should be noted that our study was limited to a relatively small number of patients involved and a small number of oocytes. In cancer patients and patients with fertility problems, we tried to perform as comparable controlled hormonal stimulation of the ovaries as possible using a GnRH antagonist. Nevertheless, we also had to take certain safety precautions in cancer patients. In these patients, the ovarian hormonal stimulation was initiated immediately after they have been sent to our department, no matter of the cycle phase to be fast and prevent further progression of disease. The oocyte maturation in cancer patients was initiated by GnRH analogue to prevent hyperstimulation, but more patients with less than 10 follicles were also treated with Ovitrelle similar to patients with fertility problems. Thus, in most patients, oocyte maturation was triggered by Ovitrelle. If we used exactly the same method of hormonal ovarian stimulation and triggering oocyte maturation in cancer patients and patients with fertility problems, there might be more immature oocytes in cancer patients, but this was not possible for cancer-related safety reasons.
In addition, for safety reasons, breast cancer patients were also treated with an aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, to prevent an increase in estradiol and worsening of the disease. Thus, based on our own experience and literature48,49, we believe that both random start of hormonal stimulation in cancer patients and use of aromatase inhibitor in patients with breast cancer do not affect the number, maturity and
Letrozole treatment may also increase the intraovarian androgen levels, which have a negative impact on granulosa cells (apoptosis) in the late antral and pre-ovulatory follicles.50 In this research, granulosa (cumulus) cells were used in co-culture for oocyte maturation, which may lower the maturation rate. However, we performed
In patients with fertility problems, we determined the FSH, LH and AMH levels in early follicular phase of the cycle as well as the number of antral follicles. For cancer patients, we have no such data. Only informative ovarian scan with antral follicle estimation was performed at the beginning of ovarian stimulation.
In our study, approximately the same proportion of oocytes were fertilized and further cleaved into an embryo after ICSI of
We may conclude that ‘rescue’ of immature oocytes with IVM is a useful strategy to improve the mature oocyte yield of fertility preservation cycles in cancer patients. Immature oocytes retrieved during oocyte and also embryo cryopreservation cycles in cancer patients should not be discarded in order to improve the future potential of pregnancy in these patients. Their immature oocytes can mature