Open Access

Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Anaemia of Inflammation in Enteropathies Caused by Commonest Small Intestine Disorders: Current Evidence


Cite

Akhuemonkhan, E., Parian, A., Miller, K., Hanauer, S., Hutfless, S. (2017). Prevalence and screening for anaemia in mild to moderate Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States, 2010–2014. BMJ Open Gastro, 4, e000155. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000155.10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000155560908228944071 Search in Google Scholar

Akkelle, B. S., Tutar, E., Sengul, O. K., Celikel, C.A., Ertem, D. (2018). A rare complication of giardiasis in children: Protein-losing enteropathy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 37 (12), e345–e347.10.1097/INF.000000000000202530408010 Search in Google Scholar

Bager, P., Befrits, R., Wikman, O., Lindgren, S., Moum, B., Hjortswang, H., Dahlerup, J. F. (2013). High burden of iron deficiency and different types of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease outpatients in Scandinavia: A longitudinal 2-year follow-up study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 48, 1286–1293. DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.838605.10.3109/00365521.2013.83860524073709 Search in Google Scholar

Barisani, D., Parafioriti, A., Bardella, M. T., Zoller, H., Conte, D., Armiraglio, E., Trovato, C., Koch, R. O., Weiss, G. (2004). Adaptive changes of duodenal iron transport proteins in celiac disease. Physiol. Genom.,. 17, 316–325.10.1152/physiolgenomics.00211.200315054143 Search in Google Scholar

Batey, R. G., Gallagher, N. D. (1977). Role of the placenta in intestinal absorption of iron in pregnant rats. Gastroenterology, 72, 255–259.10.1016/S0016-5085(77)80082-6 Search in Google Scholar

Bengi, G., Keyvan, H., Durmaz, S. B., Akpinar, H. (2018). Frequency, types, and treatment of anemia in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol., 24 (36), 4186–4196. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4186.10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4186615848430271083 Search in Google Scholar

Berry, N., Basha, J., Varma, N., Varma, S., Prasad, K. K., Vaiphei, K., Dhaka, N., Sinha, S. K., Kochhar, R. (2018). Anemia in celiac disease is multifactorial in etiology: A prospective study from India: Anemia in celiac disease. JGH Open, 2, 196–200.10.1002/jgh3.12073620701330483589 Search in Google Scholar

Brasse-Lagnel C., Karim Z., Letteron P., Bekri S., Bado A., Beaumont C. (2011). Intestinal DMT1 cotransporter is down-regulated by hepcidin via proteasome internalization and degradation. Gastroenterology, 140, 1261–1271.10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.03721199652 Search in Google Scholar

Camaschella, C. (2019). Iron deficiency. Blood, 133, 30–39.10.1182/blood-2018-05-81594430401704 Search in Google Scholar

Collins, J. F., Anderson, G. J. (2012). Molecular mechanisms of intestinal iron transport. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (5th edn.). Elsevier, New York, NY. 2308 pp. Search in Google Scholar

Corazza, G. R., Andreani, M. L., Biagi, F. (1997). The smaller size of the ‘coeliac iceberg’ in adults. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 32, 917–919. DOI: 10.3109/00365529709011202.10.3109/003655297090112029299671 Search in Google Scholar

Craven, M. D., Washabau, R. J. (2019). Comparative pathophysiology and management of protein-losing enteropathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 33 (2), 383–402.10.1111/jvim.15406643087930762910 Search in Google Scholar

Cronin, C. C, Shanahan, F. (2001). Anemia in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 2296.10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04032.x11513165 Search in Google Scholar

Darshan, D., Wilkins, S. J., Frazer, D. M., Anderson, G. J. (2011). Reduced expression of ferroportin-1 mediates hyporesponsiveness of suckling rats to stimuli that reduce iron absorption. Gastroenterology, 141, 300–309.10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.01221570398 Search in Google Scholar

De Domenico, I., Ward, D. M., Langelier, C., Vaughn, M. B., Nemeth, E., Sundquist, W. I., Ganz, T., Musci, G., Kaplan, J. (2007). The molecular mechanism of hepcidin-mediated ferroportin down-regulation. Mol. Biol. Cell., 18, 2569–2578.10.1091/mbc.e07-01-0060192480717475779 Search in Google Scholar

De Falco, L., Tortora, R., Imperatore, N., Bruno, M., Capasso, M., Girelli, D., Castagna, A., Caporaso, N., Iolascon, A., Rispo, A. (2018). The role of TMPRSS6 and HFE variants in iron deficiency anemia in celiac disease. Amer. J. Hematol., 93, 383–393.10.1002/ajh.2499129194702 Search in Google Scholar

De Franceschi, L., Iolascon, A., Taherd, A., Cappellini, M. D. (2017). Clinical management of iron deficiency anemia in adults: Systemic review on advances in diagnosis and treatment. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 42, 16–23.10.1016/j.ejim.2017.04.01828528999 Search in Google Scholar

Donovan, A., Lima, C. A., Pinkus, J. L., Pinkus, G. S., Zon, L. I., Robine, S., Andrews, N. C. (2005). The iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis. Cell Metab., 1, 191–200.10.1016/j.cmet.2005.01.00316054062 Search in Google Scholar

Eastham, E. J., Walker, W. A. (1977). Effect of cow’s milk on the gastrointestinal tract: A persistent dilemma for the pediatrician. Pediatrics, 60, 477–481.10.1542/peds.60.4.477 Search in Google Scholar

Erlandson, M. E., Walden, B., Stern, G., Hilgartner, M. W., Wehman, J., Smith C. H. (1962). Studies on congenital hemolytic syndromes, IV. Gastrointestinal absorption of iron. Blood, 19, 359–378.10.1182/blood.V19.3.359.359 Search in Google Scholar

Evstatiev, R., Gasche, C. (2012). Iron sensing and signalling. Gut, 61, 933–952.10.1136/gut.2010.21431222016365 Search in Google Scholar

Filmann, N., Rey J., Schneeweiss, S., Ardizzone, S., Bager, P., Bergamaschi, G., Koutroubakis, I., Lindgren, S., Morena, F. L., Moum, B., et al. (2014). Prevalence of anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases in European countries: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 20, 936–945. DOI: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000442728.74340.fd.10.1097/01.MIB.0000442728.74340.fd24572205 Search in Google Scholar

Finch, C. (1994). Regulators of iron balance in humans. Blood, 84, 1697–1702.10.1182/blood.V84.6.1697.1697 Search in Google Scholar

Frazer, D. M., Wilkins, S. J., Anderson, G. J. (2007). Elevated iron absorption in the neonatal rat reflects high expression of iron transport genes in the distal alimentary tract. Amer. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 293, G525–G531.10.1152/ajpgi.00579.200617627967 Search in Google Scholar

Frazer, D. M., Wilkins, S. J., Becker, E. M., Vulpe, C. D., McKie, A. T., Trinder, D., Anderson, G. J. (2002). Hepcidin expression inversely correlates with the expression of duodenal iron transporters and iron absorption in rats. Gastroenterology, 123, 835–844.10.1053/gast.2002.3535312198710 Search in Google Scholar

Gasche, C., Lomer, M. C., Cavill, I., Weiss, G. (2004). Iron, anaemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut, 53, 1190–1197. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.035758.10.1136/gut.2003.035758177413115247190 Search in Google Scholar

Gisbert, J. P., Gomollon, F. (2008). Common misconceptions in the diagnosis and management of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol., 103, 1299–1307. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01846.x.10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01846.x18477354 Search in Google Scholar

Goldstein, J. L., Cryer, B. (2015). Gastrointestinal injury associated with NSAID use: A case study and review of risk factors and preventative strategies. Drug Healthc. Patient Saf., 7, 31–41. DOI: 10.2147/DHPS.S71976.10.2147/DHPS.S71976431034625653559 Search in Google Scholar

Gulec, S., Anderson, G. J., Collins J. F. (2014). Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Amer. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 307 (4), G397–G409. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2013.10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2013413711524994858 Search in Google Scholar

Gunshin, H., Mackenzie, B., Berger, U. V., Gunshin, Y., Romero, M. F., Boron, W. F., Nussberger, S., Gollan, J. L., Hediger, M. A. (1997). Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature, 388, 482–488.10.1038/413439242408 Search in Google Scholar

Hamrick, H. J. (1994). Whole cow’s milk, iron deficiency anemia, and hypoproteinemia: A old problem revisited. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 148, 1351–1352.10.1001/archpedi.1994.021701201130257951824 Search in Google Scholar

Harper, J. W., Holleran, S. F., Ramakrishnan, R., Bhagat, G., Green, P. H. (2007). Anemia in celiac disease is multifactorial in etiology. Amer. J. Hematol., 82, 996–1000.10.1002/ajh.2099617636474 Search in Google Scholar

Hathorn, M. K. (1971). The influence of hypoxia on iron absorption in the rat. Gastroenterology, 60, 76–81.10.1016/S0016-5085(71)80009-4 Search in Google Scholar

Hooda, J., Shah, A., Zhang, L. (2014). Heme, an essential nutrient from dietary proteins, critically impacts diverse physiological and pathological processes. Nutrients, 6 (3), 1080–1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6031080.10.3390/nu6031080396717924633395 Search in Google Scholar

Jimenez, K. M., Gasche, C. (2019). Management of iron deficency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Haematol., 142, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496728.10.1159/00049672830970351 Search in Google Scholar

Koutroubakis, I. E., Ramos-Rivers, C., Regueiro, M., Koutroumpakis, E., Click, B., Schwartz, M., Swoger, J., Baidoo, L., Hashash, J. G., Barrie, A., et al. (2016). Five-year period prevalence and characteristics of anemia in a large US inflammatory bowel disease cohort. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 50 (8), 638–643. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000417.10.1097/MCG.0000000000000417483427726485103 Search in Google Scholar

Le Blanc, S., Garrick, M. D., Arredondo, M. (2012). Haem carrier protein 1 transports haem and is involved in haem-Fe metabolism. Amer. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 302 (12), C1780–1785. Search in Google Scholar

Leidgens, S., Bullough, K. Z., Shi, H., Li, F., Shakoury-Elizeh, M., Yabe, T., Subramanian, P., Hsu, E., Natarajan, N., Nandal, A., et al. (2013). Each member of the poly-r(C)-binding protein 1 (PCBP) family exhibits iron chaperone activity toward ferritin. J. Biol. Chem., 288, 17791–17802.10.1074/jbc.M113.460253368257823640898 Search in Google Scholar

Lerner, N. B., Sills, R. (2016). Iron deficiency anemia. In: Kliegman, R. M., Stanton, B. F., Schor, N. F., St. Gemelli, G. V., Behrman, R. E. (eds.). Nelson Text of Pediatrics. 20th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 2322–2326. Search in Google Scholar

Levitt, D. G., Levitt, M. D. (2017). Protein losing enteropathy: Comprehensive review of the mechanistic association with clinical and subclinical disease states. Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol., 10, 147–168.10.2147/CEG.S136803552266828761367 Search in Google Scholar

Lim, Y. J., Yang, C.-H. (2012). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. Clin. Endosc., 45 (2), 138–144. DOI: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.2.138.10.5946/ce.2012.45.2.138340161722866254 Search in Google Scholar

Luo, X., Hill, M., Johnson, A., Latunde-Dada, G. O. (2014). Modulation of Dcytb (Cybrd 1) expression and function by iron, dehydroascorbate and Hif-2alpha in cultured cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1840, 106–112.10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.01223981688 Search in Google Scholar

Mackenzie, B., Garrick, M. D. (2005). Iron imports. II. Iron uptake at the apical membrane in the intestine. Amer. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 289, G981–G986. Search in Google Scholar

Madanchi, M., Fagagnini, S., Fournier, N., Biedermann, L., Zeitz, J., Battegay, E., Zimmerli, L., Vavricka, S. R., Rogler, G., Scharl, M., Swiss IBD Cohort Study Group. (2018). The relevance of vitamin and iron deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in patients of the Swiss IBD Cohort. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 24 (8), 1768–1779. DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy054.10.1093/ibd/izy05429669023 Search in Google Scholar

Mahadev, S., Laszkowska, M., Sundström, J., Björkholm, M., Lebwohl, B., Green, P. H. R., Ludvigsson, J. F. (2018). Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with iron deficiency anemia-A systematic review with meta-analysis. Arq Gastroenterol., 55 (1), 86–93. DOI: 10.1590/S0004-2803.201800000-17.10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-17 Search in Google Scholar

Marcil, V., Levy, E., Amre, D., Bitton, A., de Araújo Sant'Anna, A.M.G., Szilagy, A., Sinnett, D., Seidman E.G. (2019). A cross-sectional study on malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: Is there a difference based on pediatric or adult age grouping? Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 25 (8), 1428–1441. DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy403.10.1093/ibd/izy403663581830793155 Search in Google Scholar

Martín-Masot, R., Nestares, M. T., Diaz-Castro, J., López-Aliaga, I., Muñoz-Alférez, M. J., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Maldonado, J. (2019). Multifactorial etiology of anemia in celiac disease and effect of gluten-free diet: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 11, 2557.10.3390/nu11112557689353731652803 Search in Google Scholar

McKie, A. T., Barrow, D., Latunde-Dada, G. O., Rolfs, A., Sager, G., Mudaly, E., Mudaly, M., Richardson, C., Barlow, D., Bomford, A., et al. (2001). An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron. Science, 291, 1755–1759.10.1126/science.105720611230685 Search in Google Scholar

McKie, A. T., Marciani, P., Rolfs, A., Brennan, K., Wehr, K., Barrow, D., Miret, S., Bomford, A., Peters, T. J., Farzaneh, F., et al. (2000). A novel duodenal iron-regulated transporter, IREG1, implicated in the basolateral transfer of iron to the circulation. Mol. Cell, 5, 299–309.10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80425-610882071 Search in Google Scholar

Melenovsky, V., Kubanek, M., Kacer, P. (2018). Protein-losing enteropathy in an adult with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: Complete reversal by heart transplantation. ESC Heart Fail, 5 (5), 842–845.10.1002/ehf2.12342616593730051970 Search in Google Scholar

Millard, K. N., Frazer, D. M., Wilkins, S. J., Anderson, G. J. (2004). Changes in the expression of intestinal iron transport and hepatic regulatory molecules explain the enhanced iron absorption associated with pregnancy in the rat. Gut, 53, 655–660.10.1136/gut.2003.031153177405715082582 Search in Google Scholar

Miller, S. D., Cuffari, C., Akhuemonkhan, E., Guerrerio, A. L., Lehmann, H., Hutfless, S. (2019). Anemia screening, prevalence, and treatment in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in the United States, 2010–2014. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr., 22 (2), 152–161. DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.2.15210.5223/pghn.2019.22.2.152641638930899691 Search in Google Scholar

Miranda, W. R., Borlaug, B. A., Hagler, D. J., Connolly, H. M., Egbe, A. C. (2019). Haemodynamic profiles in adult Fontan patients: Associated haemodynamics and prognosis. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 21 (6), 803–809.10.1002/ejhf.136530672076 Search in Google Scholar

MohanKumar, K., Namachivayam, K., Sivakumar, N. (2020). Severe neonatal anemia increases intestinal permeability by disrupting epithelial adherens junctions. Amer. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 318, G705–G716.10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2019719146532090604 Search in Google Scholar

Nagra, N., Dang, S. (2021). Protein Losing Enteropathy. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL. Search in Google Scholar

Nemeth, E., Tuttle, M. S., Powelson, J., Vaughn, M. B., Donovan, A., Ward, D. M., Ganz, T., Kaplan, J. (2004). Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science, 306, 2090–2093.10.1126/science.110474215514116 Search in Google Scholar

Nickerson, H. J., Silberman, T., Park, R. W., DeVries, E. O., Broste, S. K. (2000). Treatment of iron deficiency anemia and associated protein-losing enteropathy in children. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol., 22, 50–54.10.1097/00043426-200001000-0001010695822 Search in Google Scholar

Nicolas, G., Bennoun, M., Devaux, I., Beaumont, C., Grandchamp, B., Kahn, A., Vaulont, S. (2001). Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 98, 8780–8785.10.1073/pnas.1511794983751211447267 Search in Google Scholar

Nicolas, G., Bennoun, M., Porteu, A., Mativet, S., Beaumont, C., Grandchamp, B., Sirito, M., Sawadogo, M., Kahn, A., Vaulont, S. (2002). Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 99, 4596–4601.10.1073/pnas.07263249912369311930010 Search in Google Scholar

Nicolas, G., Chauvet, C., Viatte, L., Danan, J. L., Bigard, X., Devaux, I., Beaumont, C., Kahn, A., Vaulont, S. (2002). The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. J. Clin. Invest., 110,1037–1044.10.1172/JCI0215686 Search in Google Scholar

Nielsen, O. H., Soendergaard, C., Vikner, M. E., Weiss, G. (2018). Rational management of iron-deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients, 10 (1), 82. DOI: 10.3390/nu1001008210.3390/nu10010082579331029342861 Search in Google Scholar

Niepel, D., Klag, T., Malek, N. P., Wehkamp J., (2018). Practical guidance for the management of iron deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol., 11, 1756284818769074. DOI: 10.1177/175628481876907410.1177/1756284818769074594659029760784 Search in Google Scholar

Peyssonnaux, C., Zinkernagel, A. S., Schuepbach, R. A., Rankin, E., Vaulont, S., Haase, V. H., Nizet, V., Johnson, R. S. (2007). Regulation of iron homeostasis by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). J. Clin. Invest., 117, 1926–1932.10.1172/JCI31370188469017557118 Search in Google Scholar

Raja, K. B., Simpson, R. J., Pippard, M. J., Peters, T. J. (1988). In vivo studies on the relationship between intestinal iron (Fe3+) absorption, hypoxia and erythropoiesis in the mouse. Brit. J. Haematol., 68, 373–378.10.1111/j.1365-2141.1988.tb04217.x3355797 Search in Google Scholar

Reilly, N. R., Aguilar, K., Hassid, B. G. (2011). Celiac disease in normal-weight and overweight children: Clinical features and growth outcomes following a gluten-free diet. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 53, 528–531.10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182276d5e21670710 Search in Google Scholar

Repo, M., Hannula, M., Taavela, J., Hyttinen, J., Isola, J., Hiltunen, P., Popp, A., Kaukinen, K., Kurppa, K., Lindfors, K. (2021). Iron transporter protein expressions in children with celiac disease. Nutrients, 13, 776.10.3390/nu13030776799728833673530 Search in Google Scholar

Rivera, S., Nemeth, E., Gabayan, V., Lopez, M. A., Farshidi, D., Ganz, T. (2005). Synthetic hepcidin causes rapid dose-dependent hypoferremia and is concentrated in ferroportin-containing organs. Blood, 106, 2196–2199.10.1182/blood-2005-04-1766189513715933050 Search in Google Scholar

Roetto, A., Papanikolaou, G., Politou, M., Alberti, F., Girelli, D., Christakis, J., Loukopoulos, D., Camaschella, C. (2003). Mutant antimicrobial peptide hepcidin is associated with severe juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat. Genet., 33, 21–22.10.1038/ng105312469120 Search in Google Scholar

Schumacher, K. R., Yu, S., Butts, R., Castleberry, C., Chen, S., Edens, E., Godown, J., Johnson, J., Kemna, M., Lin, K., et al. (2019). Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy and post‒heart transplant outcomes: A multicenter study. J. Heart Lung Transplant., 38 (1), 17–25.10.1016/j.healun.2018.09.02430391195 Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, M., Singh, P., Agnihotri, A., Das, P., Mishra, A., Verma, A. K., Ahuja, A., Sreenivas, V., Khadgawat, R., Gupta, S. D., et al. (2013). Celiac disease: A disease with varied manifestations in adults and adolescents. J. Dig. Dis., 14, 518–525.10.1111/1751-2980.1207823906112 Search in Google Scholar

Shawki, A., Knight, P. B., Maliken, B. D., Niespodzany, E. J., Mackenzie, B. (2012). H(+)-coupled divalent metal-ion transporter-1: Functional properties, physiological roles and therapeutics. Curr. Top Membr., 70, 169–214.10.1016/B978-0-12-394316-3.00005-3702739723177986 Search in Google Scholar

Shayeghi, M., Latunde-Dada, G. O., Oakhill, J. S., Laftah, A. H., Takeuchi, K., Halliday, N., Khan, Y., Warley, A., McCann, F. E., Hider, R. C. et al. (2005). Identification of an intestinal haem transporter. Cell, 122 (5), 789–801. Search in Google Scholar

Shi, H., Bencze, K. Z., Stemmler, T. L., Philpott, C. C. (2008). A cytosolic iron chaperone that delivers iron to ferritin. Science, 320, 1207–1210.10.1126/science.1157643250535718511687 Search in Google Scholar

Shin, S. J., Noh, C-K., Lim, S. G., Lee, K. M., Lee, K. J. (2017). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. Intest. Res., 15 (4), 446–455. DOI: 10.5217/ir.2017.15.4.446.10.5217/ir.2017.15.4.446568397529142512 Search in Google Scholar

Song, H. J., Shim, K.-N. (2016). Current status and future perspectives of capsule endoscopy. Intest. Res., 14 (1), 21–29. DOI: 10.5217/ir.2016.14.1.21.10.5217/ir.2016.14.1.21475451826884731 Search in Google Scholar

Stein, J., Hartmann, F., Dignass, A. U. (2010). Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7 (11), 599–610.10.1038/nrgastro.2010.15120924367 Search in Google Scholar

Tolone, C., Bellini, G., Punzo, F., Papparella, A., Miele, E., Vitale, A., Nobili, B., Strisciuglio, C., Rossi, F. (2017). The DMT1 IVS4+44C>A polymorphism and the risk of iron deficiency anemia in children with celiac disease. PLoS ONE, 12, e0185822.10.1371/journal.pone.0185822563826929023457 Search in Google Scholar

Tracy, M. S., Yasuda, J. L., Rufo, P. A. (2020). Protein-losing enteropathy in the setting of iron deficiency anemia: A case series. JPGN Reports., 1 (2), e009. DOI: 10.1097/PG9.0000000000000009.10.1097/PG9.0000000000000009 Search in Google Scholar

Vanoaica, L., Darshan, D., Richman, L., Schumann, K., Kuhn, L. C. (2010). Intestinal ferritin H is required for an accurate control of iron absorption. Cell Metab., 12, 273–282.10.1016/j.cmet.2010.08.00320816093 Search in Google Scholar

Vivas, S., Ruiz de Morales, J. M., Fernandez, M. (2008). Age-related clinical, serological, and histopathological features of celiac disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol., 103, 2360–2365. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01977.x.10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01977.x18702652 Search in Google Scholar

Vlachodimitropoulou, E., Naftalin, R. J., Sharp, P. A. (2010). Quercetin is a substrate for the transmembrane oxidoreductase Dcytb. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 48, 1366–1369.10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.02120184953 Search in Google Scholar

Volta, U., Bellentani, S., Bianchi, F. B. (2001). High prevalence of celiac disease in Italian general population. Dig. Dis. Sci., 46, 1500–1505. DOI: 10.1023/A:1010648122797.10.1023/A:1010648122797 Search in Google Scholar

West, A. R., Oates, P. S. (2008). Mechanisms of haem iron absorption: Current questions and controversies. World J. Gastroenterol., 14, 4101–4110.10.3748/wjg.14.4101272536818636652 Search in Google Scholar

Yasuda, J. L., Rufo, P. A. (2018). Protein-losing enteropathy in the setting of severe iron deficiency anemia. J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep., 6, 2324709618760078. DOI: 10.1177/2324709618760078.10.1177/2324709618760078583320529511696 Search in Google Scholar

Zubiaga Toro, L., Ruiz-Tovar, J., Castro, M. J., Ortiz de Solórzano, F. J., Luque de León, E., Jiménez, J. M., Carbajo, M. Á. (2019). Whipple disease after bariatric surgery: From malabsorption to malnutrition status. Nutr. Hosp., 36 (1), 238–241. Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2255-890X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
6 times per year
Journal Subjects:
General Interest, Mathematics, General Mathematics