Lung function assessment following SARS-CoV-2 infection: past, present and future?

1 Covid19.who.int. 2022. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. [Accessed 14 December 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

2 George PM, Barratt SL, Condliffe R, Desai SR, Devaraj A, Forrest I, et al. Respiratory follow-up of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Thorax. 2020;75(11): 1009–1016. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215314. Search in Google Scholar

3 Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270): 220–232. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8. Search in Google Scholar

4 Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370: m3026. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3026. Search in Google Scholar

5 Zhao YM, Shang YM, Song WB, Li QQ, Xie H, Xu QF, et al. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25: 100463. doi:10.1016/j. eclinm.2020.100463. Search in Google Scholar

6 Dasgupta A, Kalhan A, Kalra S. Long term complications and rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2020;70: S131–S135. doi:10.5455/JPMA.32. Search in Google Scholar

7 Lehmann A, Gysan M, Bernitzky D, Bal C, Prosch H, Zehetmayer S, et al. Comparison of pulmonary function test, diffusion capacity, blood gas analysis and CT scan in patients with and without persistent respiratory symptoms following COVID-19. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2022;22: 196. doi:10.1186/s12890-022-01987-z. Search in Google Scholar

8 Lee JH, Yim JJ, Park J. Pulmonary function and chest computed tomography abnormalities 6-12 months after recovery from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiratory Research. 2022;23(1): 233. doi:10.1186/s12931-022-02163-x. Search in Google Scholar

9 You J, Zhang L, Ni-jia-Ti MY, Zhang J, Hu F, Chen L, et al. Anormal pulmonary function and residual CT abnormalities in rehabilitating COVID-19 patients after discharge. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(2): e150–e152. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.003. Search in Google Scholar

10 Blomberg B, Mohn KG, Brokstad KA, Zhou F, Linchausen DW, Hansen BA, et al. Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients. Nature Medicine. 2021;27(9): 1607–1613. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01433-3. Search in Google Scholar

11 Munblit D, Bobkova P, Spiridonova E, et al. Risk factors for long-term consequences of COVID-19 in hospitalised adults in Moscow using the ISARIC global follow-up protocol: Stop COVID cohort study. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS). 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.21251895. Search in Google Scholar

12 Salehi S, Reddy S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Long-term pulmonary consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): what we know and what to expect. Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 2020;35(4): W87–W89. doi:10.1097/RTI.0000000000000534. Search in Google Scholar

13 Zhu J, Ji P, Pang J, Zhong Z, Li H, He C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92(10): 1902–1914. doi:10.1002/jmv.25884. Search in Google Scholar

14 Eksombatchai D, Wongsinin T, Phongnarudech T, Thammavaranucupt K, Amornputtisathaporn N, Sungkanuparph S. Pulmonary function and six-minute-walk test in patients after recovery from COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(9): e0257040. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257040. Search in Google Scholar

15 Mo X, Jian W, Su Z, Chen M, Peng H, Peng P, et al. Abnormal pulmonary function in COVID-19 patients at time of hospital discharge. The European Respiratory Journal. 2020;55(6): 2001217. doi:10.1183/13993003.01217-2020. Search in Google Scholar

16 Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, Banzett RB, Manning HL, Bourbeau J, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012;185(4): 435–452. doi:10.1164/rccm.201111-2042ST. Search in Google Scholar

17 Fresard I, Genecand L, Altarelli M, Gex G, Vremaroiu P, Vremaroiu-Coman A, et al. Dysfunctional breathing diagnosed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in “long COVID” patients with persistent dyspnoea. BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 2022;9(1): e001126. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001126. Search in Google Scholar

18 Skjorten I, Ankerstjerne OAW, Trebinjac D, Bronstad E, Rasch-Halvorsen O, Einvik G, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3 months after COVID-19 hospitalisation. The European Respiratory Journal. 2021;58(2): 2100996. doi:10.1183/13993003.00996-2021. Search in Google Scholar

19 Cortés-Telles A, López-Romero S, Figueroa-Hurtado E, Pou-Aguilar YN, Wong AW, Milne KM, et al. Pulmonary function and functional capacity in COVID-19 survivors with persistent dyspnoea. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2021;288: 103644. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2021.103644. Search in Google Scholar

20 Bardakci MI, Ozturk EN, Ozkarafakili MA, Ozkurt H, Yanc U, Yildiz Sevgi D. Evaluation of long-term radiological findings, pulmonary functions, and health-related quality of life in survivors of severe COVID-19. Journal of Medical Virology. 2021;93(9): 5574–5581. doi:10.1002/jmv.27101. Search in Google Scholar

21 Fumagalli A, Misuraca C, Bianchi A, Borsa N, Limonta S, Maggiolini S, et al. Long-term changes in pulmonary function among patients surviving to COVID-19 pneumonia. Infection. 2022;50(4): 1019–1022. doi:10.1007/s15010-021-01718-2. Search in Google Scholar

22 Steinbeis F, Thibeault C, Doellinger F, Ring RM, Mittermaier M, Ruwwe-Glösenkamp C, et al. Severity of respiratory failure and computed chest tomography in acute COVID-19 correlates with pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2: an observational longitudinal study over 12 months. Respiratory Medicine. 2022;191: 106709. doi:10.1016/j. rmed.2021.106709. Search in Google Scholar

23 Tanni SE, Fabro AT, de Albuquerque A, Ferreira EVM, Verrastro CGY, Sawamura MVY, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis secondary to COVID-19: a narrative review. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 2021;15(6): 791–803. doi:10.1080/17476348.2021.1 916472. Search in Google Scholar

24 Rumende CM, Susanto EC, Sitorus TP. The management of pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2021;53(2): 233–241. Search in Google Scholar

25 Safont B, Tarraso J, Rodriguez-Borja E, Fernández-Fabrellas E, Sancho-Chust JN, Molina V, et al. Lung function, radiological findings and biomarkers of fibrogenesis in a cohort of COVID-19 patients six months after hospital discharge. Archivos de Bronconeumologia. 2022;58(2): 142–149. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2021.08.014. Search in Google Scholar

26 Wendisch D, Dietrich O, Mari T, von Stillfried S, Ibarra IL, Mittermaier M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and lung fibrosis. Cell. 2021;184(26)): 6243–6261.e27. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.033. Search in Google Scholar

27 Lerum TV, Aaløkken TM, Brønstad E, Aarli B, Ikdahl E, Lund KMA, et al. Dyspnoea, lung function and CT findings 3 months after hospital admission for COVID-19. The European Respiratory Journal. 2021;57(4): 2003448. doi:10.1183/13993003.03448-2020. Search in Google Scholar

28 Bradley BT, Maioli H, Johnston R, Chaudhry I, Fink SL, Xu H, et al. Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series. The Lancet. 2020;396(10247): 320–332. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31305-2. Search in Google Scholar

29 Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, Ping YF, Liu HW, Yu SC, et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi Chinese Journal of Pathology. 2020;49(5): 411–417. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193. Search in Google Scholar

30 Myall KJ, Mukherjee B, Castanheira AM, Lam JL, Benedetti G, Mak SM, et al. Persistent post – COVID-19 interstitial lung disease. An observational study of corticosteroid treatment. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2021;18(5): 799–806. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202008-1002OC. Search in Google Scholar

31 Franquet T, Giménez A, Ketai L, Mazzini S, Rial A, Pomar V, et al. Air trapping in COVID-19 patients following hospital discharge: retrospective evaluation with paired inspiratory/expiratory thin-section CT. European Radiology. 2022;32(7): 4427–4436. doi:10.1007/s00330-022-08580-2. Search in Google Scholar

32 Jia X, Han X, Cao Y, Fan Y, Yuan M, Li Y, et al. Quantitative inspiratory-expiratory chest CT findings in COVID-19 survivors at the 6-month follow-up. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1): 7402. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11237-1. Search in Google Scholar

33 Lopes AJ, Litrento PF, Provenzano BC, Carneiro AS, Monnerat LB, da Cal MS, et al. Small airway dysfunction on impulse oscillometry and pathological signs on lung ultrasound are frequent in post-COVID-19 patients with persistent respiratory symptoms. PLoS One. 2021;16(11): e0260679. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0260679. Search in Google Scholar

34 Mogami R, Araújo Filho RC, Cobo Chantong CG, Santos de Almeida FC, Baptista Koifman AC, Jauregui GF, et al. The importance of radiological patterns and small airway disease in long-term follow-up of postacute COVID-19: a preliminary study. Radiology Research and Practice. 2022;2022: 7919033. doi:10.1155/2022/7919033. Search in Google Scholar

35 Rovere Querini P, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Brioni E, Lanzani C, Yacoub MR, et al. Post-COVID-19 follow-up clinic: depicting chronicity of a new disease. Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(9–S): 22–28. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i9-S.10146. Search in Google Scholar

36 British Thoracic Society. British Thoracic Society guidance on respiratory follow up of patients with a clinico-radiological diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. 2020. Available from: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/quality-improvement/covid-19/resp-follow-up-guidance-post-covid-pneumonia/ [ Accessed 14 December 2022]. Search in Google Scholar