Selected Antropometric Characteristic of Swimmers vs. Kinematics of the Swimming Start

1 Marinho DA, Barbosa TM, Neiva HP, Silva AJ, Morais JE. Comparison of the Start, Turn and Finish Performance of Elite Swimmers in 100 m and 200 m Races. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19(2):397-407, PMID: 32390734; PMCID: PMC7196746 Search in Google Scholar

2 Figueiredo P, Silva A, Sampaio A, Fernandes RJ. Front crawl sprint performance: a cluster analysis of biomechanics, energetics, coordinative, and anthropometric determinants in young swimmers. Motor Control 2016; 20(3):209-21, DOI 10.1123/mc.2014-0050 Search in Google Scholar

3 Morais JE, Saavedra JM, Costa MJ, Silva AJ, Marinho DA, Barbosa TM. Tracking young talented swimmers: follow-up of performance and its biomechanical determinant factors. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2013;15(3):129-38, PMID 24215298 Search in Google Scholar

4 Pelayo P, Alberty M. The history of swimming research. World book of swimming: From Science to Performance; 2011, ISBN 978-1-61668-202-6 Search in Google Scholar

5 Zacca R, Azevedo R, Chainok P, Vilas-Boas JP, Castro FADS, Pyne DB, Fernandes RJ. Monitoring age-group swimmers over a training macrocycle: energetics, technique, and anthropometrics. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34(3):818-827, DOI 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002762 Search in Google Scholar

6 Kjendlie PL, Stallman R. Morphology and swimming performance. World Book of Swimming. From Science to Performance. New York: Nova; 2011:203-222, ISBN 9781616682026 Search in Google Scholar

7 Alves M, Carvalho DD, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. How anthropometrics of young and adolescent swimmers influence stroking parameters and performance? A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(5):2543, DOI 10.3390/ijerph19052543 Search in Google Scholar

8 Rejman M, Tyc Ł, Kociuba M, Bornikowska A, Rudnik D, Kozieł S. Anthropometric predispositions for swimming from the perspective of biomechanics. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2018; 20(4):151-159, PMID 30821288. Search in Google Scholar

9 Blanco, S. T., de la Fuente Caynzos, B., & Colomina, R. A. (2017). Ventral swimming starts, changes and recent evolution: A systematic review. RETOS. Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación 2017; 32:279-288, DOI 10.47197/RETOS.V0I32.49535 Search in Google Scholar

10 Vantorre J, Chollet D, Seifert L. Biomechanical analysis of the swim-start: a review. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13(2):223-231. PMID 24790473; PMCID PMC3990873 Search in Google Scholar

11 Alpetkin A. Body composition and kinematic analysis of the grab start in youth swimmers. J Hum Kinet 2014; 10(42):15–26, DOI 10.2478/hukin-2014-0057 Search in Google Scholar

12 Cornett A, White J, Wright B, Willmott A, Stager J. Racing start safety: head depth and head speed during competitive swim starts into a water depth of 2.29 m. Int J Aquatic Research Edu 2011; 5(1): 14–18, DOI 10.25035/ijare.05.04.06. Search in Google Scholar

13 Wądrzyk Ł, Staszkiewicz R, Kryst Ł. Somatic build and kinematic variables of a swim start of young swimmers. In: ed. Rejman M, Zatoń K, Szczepan, S. SWIMMING VII 2018; 99, ISBN 978-83-64354-35-9 Search in Google Scholar

14 Wądrzyk Ł, Staszkiewicz R, Zeglen M, Kryst Ł. Relationship between somatic build and kinematic indices of underwater undulatory swimming performed by young male swimmers. Int J Perf Anal Sport 2021; 21(3):435-450, DOI 10.1080/24748668.2021.1909450 Search in Google Scholar

15 Cicenia, A., Oster, C., & Mokha, M. (2019). Kick plate position and track start biomechanics in elite swimmers. J. Exerc. Nutr. 2019;2(3):12, ISSN 2640-2572 Search in Google Scholar

16 Cicenia A, Oster C, Mokh G. Using shin length to determine kick plate position optimizes select swim start mechanics in elite swimmers. In: Robinson MA, Lake MJ, BaltzopoulosV, Vanrenterghem J (ed.), Proceedings of the 38th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports ISBS Proceedings Archive 2020; 38(1): 880-883. Search in Google Scholar

17 Maglischo EW. Swimming fastest, Human Kinetics, Leeds, 2003, ISBN 0-7360-3180-4 Search in Google Scholar

18 Rejman M, Bilewski M, Szczepan S, Klarowicz A, Rudnik D, Maćkała K. Assessing the impact of a targeted plyometric training on changes in selected kinematic parameters of the swimming start. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2017; 19(2):149-160, PMID 28869635 Search in Google Scholar

19 Vilas-Boas, J, De Jesus K, Mourão L, Roesler H, De Jesus K, Fernandes RJ, Vaz M. A novel dynamometric central for 3D forces and moments assessment in swimming starting. In: the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming 28 April to 2 May 2014 Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra 2014; 135-136, ISBN 978-0-646-91869-3 Search in Google Scholar

20 de Jesus K, de Jesus K, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Back plate and wedge use and individual ventral and dorsal swimming start performance: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2023; 22(12):1634-1658, DOI 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016924 Search in Google Scholar

21 Rudnik, D, Rejman M, Machado L, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Does the back plate position influence swimming start temporal characteristics?. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 26;19(5):2722, DOI 10.3390/ijerph19052722 Search in Google Scholar

22 Rudnik DM, Rejman M, Vilas-Boas JP. The kinematic profile of ventral swimming start: sex diversity. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1157359, DOI 10.3389/fphys.2023.1157359 Search in Google Scholar

23 Morais JE, Marques MC, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA. Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team. Phys Sports Med 2020; 48(3):304–311, DOI 10.1080/00913847.2019.1693240 Search in Google Scholar

24 Oliveira M, Henrique RS, Queiroz DR, Salvina M, Melo WV, Moura Dos Santos MA. Anthropometric variables, propulsive force and biological maturation: A mediation analysis in young swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21(4):507-514, DOI 10.1080/17461391.2020.1754468 Search in Google Scholar

25 Rejman M, Nevill AM, Garrido ND, Rudnik D, Morais JE. Identification of key somatic features that are common and the ones that differ between swim strokes through allometric modeling. Front Sports Act Living 2023;5:1308033, DOI 10.3389/fspor.2023.1308033. Search in Google Scholar

26 Rudnik D, Vilas-Boas JP, Rejma M. A body composition profile of high-level swimmers: the reference data. In: Młodzi Naukowcy Nauki medyczne i nauki o zdrowiu 2019; 104-110, e-ISBN 978-83-66139-94-7 Search in Google Scholar

27 Lavoie JM, Montpetit RR. Applied physiology of swimming. Sports Med 1986; 3(3):165-189, DOI 10.2165/00007256-198603030-00002 Search in Google Scholar

28 Pendergast DR, Di Prampero PE, Craig AB Jr, Wilson DR, Rennie DW. Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1977; 43(3):475-49, DOI 10.1152/jappl.1977.43.3.475 Search in Google Scholar

29 Newton R. Strength and conditioning priorities for elite swimming athletes. In: the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming 28 April to 2 May 2014 Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra. 2014, ISBN 978-0-646-91869-3 Search in Google Scholar

30 Senefeld J, Joyner MJ, Stevens A, Hunter SK. Sex differences in elite swimming with advanced age are less than marathon running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26(1):17-28, DOI 10.1111/sms.12412 Search in Google Scholar

31 Kibele A, Biel K, Fischer S. Optimising individual stance position in the swim start on the OSB11. In: the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming 28 April to 2 May 2014 Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra. 2014; 158–163, ISBN 978-0-646-91869-3 Search in Google Scholar

32 Harland MJ, Steele JR. Biomechanics of the sprint start. Sports Med 1997; 23(1):11-20, DOI 10.2165/00007256-199723010-00002 Search in Google Scholar

33 Takeda, T, Takagi H, Tsubakimoto S. Effect of inclination and position of new swimming starting block’s back plate on track-start performance. Sports Biomech 2011; 11(3):370–381, DOI 10.1080/14763141.2011.637122 Search in Google Scholar

34 Schot PK, Knutzen KM. A biomechanical analysis of four sprint start positions. Res Q Exerc Sport 1992; 63(2):137-47, DOI 10.1080/02701367.1992.1060757 Search in Google Scholar

35 Cavedon V, Bezodis NE, Sandri M, Golia S, Zancanaro C, Milanese C. Effect of different anthropometry-driven block settings on sprint start performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23(7):1110-1120, DOI 10.1080/17461391.2022.2153347 Search in Google Scholar

36 Cavedon V, Sandri M, Pirlo M, Petrone N, Zancanaro C, Milanese C. Anthropometry-driven block setting improves starting block performance in sprinters. PLoS One 2019; 27;14(3):e0213979, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0213979 Search in Google Scholar

37 Borzov, V. The optimal starting position in sprinting. Legkaya Atletika 1978; 4(10), 173-174. Search in Google Scholar

38 Čoh M, Jošt B, Škof B, Tomažin K, Dolenec A. Kinematic and kinetic parameters of the sprint start and start acceleration model of top sprinters. Gymnica 1998; 28, 33-42. Search in Google Scholar

39 Mero A, Luhtanen P, Komi PV. A biomechanical study of the sprint start. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1983; 5(1):20-8, Search in Google Scholar

40 Taladriz S, de la Fuente-Caynzos B, Arellano R. Analysis of angular momentum effect on swimming kick-start performance. J Biomech 2016; 14;49(9):1789-1793, DOI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.04.012 Search in Google Scholar

41 Grimshaw P, Fowler N, Lees A, Burden A. BIOS Instant Notes in Sport and Exercise Biomechanics (1st ed.). Routledge 2006; 115-148 DOI 10.4324/9780203488300 Search in Google Scholar

42 McLean SP, Holthe MJ, Vint PF, Beckett KD, Hinrichs RN. Addition of an Approach to a Swimming Relay Start. J Appl Biomech 2000; 16(4):342-355, DOI 10.1123/jab.16.4.342 Search in Google Scholar

43 Fattahi A, Ameli M, Sadeghi H. Relationship between anthropometric parameters with vertical jump in male elite volleyball players due to game’s position. J Human Sport Exer 2012; 7(3):714-726, DOI 10.4100/jhse.2012.73.11 Search in Google Scholar

44 Aouadi R, Jlid M, Khalifa R, Hermassi S, Chelly M, Van Den Tillaar R, Gabbett T. Association of anthropometric qualities with vertical jump performance in elite male volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2012; 52(1):11-7, DOI 10.4100/jhse.2012.73.11 Search in Google Scholar

45 Arellano R, Llana S, Tella V, Morales E, Mercade J. (2005). A comparison CMJ, simulated and swimming grab-start force recordings and their relationships with the start performance. In Q Wang (Ed.), Proceedings of the XXIII international symposium of biomechanics in sports. Beijing: China Institute of Sport Science 2005; 923-926, Search in Google Scholar

46 Roschel H, Batista M, Monteiro R, Bertuzzi RC, Barroso R, Loturco I, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Franchini E. Association between neuromuscular tests and kumite performance on the brazilian karate national team. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 1;8(CSSI3):20–24, PMID 24474882 Search in Google Scholar

47 Abidin NZ, Adam MB. Prediction of vertical jump height from anthropometric factors in male and female martial arts athletes. Malays J Med Sci 2013; 20(1):39-45, PMID 23785254; PMCID PMC3684376 Search in Google Scholar

48 Pelayo P, Sidney M, Kherif T, Chollet D, Tourny C. Stroking characteristics in freestyle swimming and relationships with anthropometric characteristics. J. Appl. Biomech 1996; 12:197–206, DOI 10.1123/JAB.12.2.197 Search in Google Scholar

49 Nuzzo, James L. Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37(2)494-536, DOI 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004329 Search in Google Scholar

50 West DJ, Owen NJ, Cunningham DJ, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Strength and power predictors of swimming starts in international sprint swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25(4):950-5, DOI 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c8656f Search in Google Scholar

51 Bishop C, Cree J, Read P, Chavda S, Edwards M, Turner A. Strength and conditioning for sprint swimming. Strength Cond J 2013; 35(6):1-6, DOI 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000019 Search in Google Scholar

52 Cossor J, Slawson S, Shillabeer B, Conway P, West A. Are land tests a good predictor of swim start performance?. 29 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports Proceedings. Portuguese J Sport Scien 2011; 11(2):183-186, Search in Google Scholar

53 Ackland T, Elliott B, Bloomfield J. Applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport. Champaign, IL USA: Human Kinetics 2009, ISBN 0736063382 Search in Google Scholar

54 Davis DS, Briscoe DA, Markowski CT, Saville SE, Taylor CJ. Physical characteristics that predict vertical jump performance in recreational male athletes. Phys Ther in Sport 2003; 4(4):167-174, DOI 10.1016/S1466-853X(03)00037-3 Search in Google Scholar

55 Jandová, S. Jumping performance and take-off efficiency correlation with the basic anthropometric parameters in female volleyball players. Acta Gymnica 2021; 51(5):e2021.020, DOI 10.5507/ag.2021.020 Search in Google Scholar

56 Wyon M, Allen N, Angioi M, Nevill A, Twitchett E. Anthropometric factors affecting vertical jump height in ballet dancers. J Dance Med Scie 2006; 10(3-4), 106-110, DOI 10.1177/1089313X06010003- Search in Google Scholar

57 Tor E, Pease D, Ball K. Characteristics of an elite swimming start. In: the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming 28 April to 2 May 2014 Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra 2014; 1257-1263, ISBN 978-0-646-91869-3 Search in Google Scholar

58 Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Carvalho C, Silva AJ. Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: updating the state of the art. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13(2):262-269. DOI 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.01.003 Search in Google Scholar

59 Toussaint HM, de Looze M, Van Rossem B, Leijdekkers M, Dignum H. The Effect of Growth on Drag in Young Swimmers. Int J Sport Biomech 1990; 6(1):18-28, DOI 10.1123/ijsb.6.1.18 Search in Google Scholar

60 Barbosa TM, Costa MJ, Morais JE, Moreira M, Silva AJ, Marinho DA. How Informative are the Vertical Buoyancy and the Prone Gliding Tests to Assess Young Swimmers’ Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Profiles? J Hum Kinet 2012; 32:21-32, DOI 10.2478/v10078-012-0020-x Search in Google Scholar

61 Yanai, T. Buoyancy is the primary source of generating bodyroll in front-crawl swimming. J Biomech 2004; 37(5):605-612, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.10.004 Search in Google Scholar

62 Zamparo P, Antonutto G, Capelli C, Francescato MP, Girardis M, Sangoi R, Soule RG, Pendergast DR. Effects of body size, body density, gender and growth on underwater torque. Scand J Med Sci Sport 1996; 6(5):273-80, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00470.x. Search in Google Scholar

63 Lyttle AD, Blanksby BA, Elliott BC, Lloyd DG. Optimal depth for streamlined gliding. Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, University of Jyväskylä, Finland, June 28-July 2 1998; 165-170, ISBN 9513906078 Search in Google Scholar

64 Novais ML, Silva AJ, Mantha VR, Ramos RJ, Rouboa AI, Vilas-Boas JP, Luís SR, Marinho DA. The Effect of Depth on Drag During the Streamlined Glide: A Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis. J Hum Kinet 2012;33:55-62, DOI 10.2478/v10078-012-0044-2. Search in Google Scholar

65 Li T-Z, Zhan J-M. Hydrodynamic body shape analysis and their impact on swimming performance. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2015; 17(4):3–11, PMID: 26898107 Search in Google Scholar

66 Clarys JP. Human morphology and hydrodynamics. In Swimming III; Terauds J, Beddingfield W (Ed); University Park Press: Baltimore, Maryland 1979; 8:3–41, ISBN0839113528 Search in Google Scholar

67 Demirkan E, Can S, Özkadı T, Alagöz I. Fifty-meter swimming performance in young swimmers: The effect of anthropometric and motoric values on performance. Med Dello Sport 2019; 72(4), DOI 10.23736/S0025-7826.18.03386-0 Search in Google Scholar

68 Rozi G, Thanopoulos V, Geladas N, Soultanaki E, Dopsaj M. (2018). Anthropometric characteristics and physiological responses of high level swimmers and performance in 100 m freestyle swimming. Mov Sport Sci/Sci Mot 2018; 101(3):3-7, DOI 10.1051/sm/2018007 Search in Google Scholar

69 Sammoud S, Nevill AM, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Chaabene H, Hachana Y. Allometric associations between body size, shape, and 100-m butterfly speed performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 58(5):630-637, DOI 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07480-1 Search in Google Scholar

70 Potdevin F, Bril B, Sidney M, Pelayo P. Stroke frequency and arm coordination in front crawl swimming. Int J Sports Med 2006;27(3):193-198, DOI 10.1055/s-2005-837545 Search in Google Scholar

71 Grimston SK, Hay JG. Relationships among anthropometric and stroking characteristics of college swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18(1):60–8, DOI 10.1249/00005768-198602000-00011 Search in Google Scholar