The Role of Physical Activity and Sports in Enhancing Autonomy in People with Intellectual Disabilities

This study investigates the influence of physical activity participation within occupational centers and engagement in sports outside these centers in the level of autonomy in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). A total of 499 participants from occupational centers in the Valencian Community (Spain) were assessed. Autonomy was measured using an adapted version of the ARC-INICO questionnaire, and physical activity was quantified in METs. The findings indicate that activities performed outside occupational centers are positively associated with autonomy, while those conducted within occupational centers show a significant negative relationship, likely due to their structured nature. Individual sports were more effective in enhancing autonomy by promoting self-management and personal control, whereas team sports primarily fostered social skills and a sense of belonging with a lesser impact on autonomy. The study highlights the need for inclusive programs that balance individual and team sports, providing opportunities for the development of autonomy in external environments while ensuring social interaction and emotional support within occupational centers.