Online Political Communication Research Methods

Aragón, Pablo et al. (2013): Communication Dynamics in Twitter During Political Campaigns: The Case of the 2011 Spanish National Election. Policy & Internet 5(2): 183–206. DOI: 10.1002/1944-2866.POI327.10.1002/1944-2866.POI327Search in Google Scholar

Ausserhofer, Julian – Axel Maireder (2013): National politics on twitter Twitter. Structures and topics of a networked public sphere. Information, Communication & Society 16(3): 291–314. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050.10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050Search in Google Scholar

Bentivegna, Sara – Rita Marchetti (2015): Live tweeting a political debate: The case of the ‘Italia bene comune’. European Journal of Communication 30(6): 631–647. DOI: 10.1177/0267323115595526.10.1177/0267323115595526Search in Google Scholar

Bode, Leticia – Ben Epstein (2015): Campaign Klout: Measuring Online Influence During the 2012 Election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12(2): 133–148. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2014.994157.10.1080/19331681.2014.994157Search in Google Scholar

Borah, Porismita (2016): Political Facebook Use: Campaign Strategies Used in 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13(4): 362–338. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2016.1163519.10.1080/19331681.2016.1163519Search in Google Scholar

Ceron, Andrea (2017), Intra-party politics in 140 characters. Party Politics 23(1): 7–17. DOI: 10.1177/1354068816654325.10.1177/1354068816654325Search in Google Scholar

Ceron, Andrea – Luigi Curini (2016): e-Campaigning in the 2014 European elections: The emphasis on valence issues in a two-dimensional multiparty system. Party Politics. DOI: 10.1177/1354068816642807.10.1177/1354068816642807Search in Google Scholar

Ceron, Andrea – Giovanna, d’Adda (2016): E-campaigning on Twitter: The effectiveness of distributive promises and negative campaign in the 2013 Italian election. New Media & Society 18(9): 1935–1955. DOI: 10.1177/1461444815571915.10.1177/1461444815571915Search in Google Scholar

Ceron, Andrea et al. (2014): Every tweet counts? How sentiment analysis of social media can improve our knowledge of citizens’ political preferences with an application to Italy and France. New Media & Society 16(2): 340–358. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813480466.10.1177/1461444813480466Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Peter John – Peter Jay Smith (2011): Digital Media in the 2008 Canadian Election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 8(4): 399–417. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2011.559734.10.1080/19331681.2011.559734Search in Google Scholar

Christensen, Christian (2013): Wave-riding and hashtag-jumping: Twitter, minority ‘third parties’ and the 2012 US elections. Information, Communication & Society 16(5): 646–666. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.783609.10.1080/1369118X.2013.783609Search in Google Scholar

Church, Scott H (2010): YouTube Politics: YouChoose and Leadership Rhetoric During the 2008 Election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2–3): 124–142. DOI: 10.1080/19331681003748933.10.1080/19331681003748933Search in Google Scholar

Dang-Xuan, Linh et al. (2013): An investigation of influentials and the role of sentiment in political communication on twitter during election periods. Information, Communication & Society 16(5): 795–825. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.783608.10.1080/1369118X.2013.783608Search in Google Scholar

Druckman, James N. – Martin J. Kifer – Michael Parkin (2010): Timeless Strategy Meets New Medium: Going Negative on Congressional Campaign Web Sites, 2002–2006. Political Communication 27(1): 88–103. DOI: 10.1080/10584600903502607.10.1080/10584600903502607Search in Google Scholar

Edgerly, Stephanie et al. (2016): Posting about politics: Media as resources for political expression on Facebook. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13(2): 108–125. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2016.1160267.10.1080/19331681.2016.1160267Search in Google Scholar

Enli, Gunn Sara – Eli Skogerbø (2013): Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics. Information, Communication & Society 16(5): 757–774. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330.10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330Search in Google Scholar

Franch, Fabio (2013): (Wisdom of the Crowds): 2010 UK Election Prediction with Social Media. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 10(1): 57–71. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2012.705080.10.1080/19331681.2012.705080Search in Google Scholar

Freelon, Deen – David Karpf (2015): Of big birds and bayonets: hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates Information, Communication & Society 18(4): 390–406. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659.10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659Search in Google Scholar

Garrett, R. Kelly et al. (2012): New ICTs and the Study of Political Communication. International Journal of Communication 6: 214–231.Search in Google Scholar

Geber, Sarah – Helmut Scherer (2015): My Voter, My Party, and Me. American and German Parliamentarians on Facebook. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12(4): 360–377. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2015.1101037.10.1080/19331681.2015.1101037Search in Google Scholar

Gerodimos, Roman – Jákup Justinussen (2015): Obama’s 2012 Facebook Campaign: Political Communication in the Age of the Like Button. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12(2): 113–132. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2014.982266.10.1080/19331681.2014.982266Search in Google Scholar

Graber, Doris A. (2004): Methodological Developments in Political Communication Research, in Kaid, Lynda Lee (Ed.), Handbook of Political Communication Research, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 45–67.Search in Google Scholar

Graham, Todd et al. (2013): Between Broadcasting Political Messages and Interacting with Voters. The use of Twitter during the 2010 UK general election campaign. Information, Communication & Society 16(5): 692–716. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.785581.10.1080/1369118X.2013.785581Search in Google Scholar

Gronbeck, Bruce E. (2009): The Web, Campaign 07–08, and Engaged Citizens: Political, Social, and Moral Consequences, in Denton Robert E. Jr. (Ed.), The 2008 Presidential Campaign, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 228–243.Search in Google Scholar

Gustafsson, Nils (2012): The subtle nature of Facebook politics: Swedish social network site users and political participation. New Media & Society 14(7): 1111–1127. DOI: 10.1177/1461444812439551.10.1177/1461444812439551Search in Google Scholar

Hendricks, John Allen – Robert E. Denton Jr. (2010): Political Campaigns and Communicating with the Electorate in the Twenty-First Century, in Hendricks, John Allen/ Robert E. Denton Jr. (Eds.), Communicator-in-Chief: How Barack Obama Used New Media Technology to Win the White House, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 1–18.Search in Google Scholar

Himelboim, Itai – Derek Hansen – Anne Bowser (2013): Playing in the Same Twitter Network. Political information seeking in the 2010 US gubernatorial elections. Information, Communication & Society 16(9): 1373–1396. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.706316.10.1080/1369118X.2012.706316Search in Google Scholar

Householder, Elizabeth E. – Heather L. LaMarre (2014): Facebook Politics: Toward a Process Model for Achieving Political Source Credibility Through Social Media. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 11(4): 368–382. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2014.951753.10.1080/19331681.2014.951753Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, Nigel A. – Darren G. Lilleker (2009): Building an Architecture of Participation? Political Parties and Web 2.0 in Britain. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 6(3–4): 232–250. DOI: 10.1080/19331680903028438.10.1080/19331680903028438Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, Janet Buttolph – H. T. Reynolds – Jason D. Mycoff (2008): Political science research methods. 6th edition, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, Dennis W. (2011): Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century: A Whole New Ballgame? New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9780203878965Search in Google Scholar

Karlsen, Rune – Bernard Enjolras (2016): Styles of Social Media Campaigning and Influence in a Hybrid Political Communication System: Linking Candidate Survey Data with Twitter Data. The International Journal of Press/Politics 21(3): 338–357. DOI: 10.1177/1940161216645335.10.1177/1940161216645335Search in Google Scholar

Klotz, Robert J. (2010): The Sidetracked 2008 YouTube Senate Campaign. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2–3): 110–123. DOI: 10.1080/19331681003748917.10.1080/19331681003748917Search in Google Scholar

Koc-Michalska, Karolina – Rachel Gibson/Thierry Vedel (2014): Online Campaigning in France, 2007–2012: Political Actors and Citizens in the Aftermath of the Web.2.0 Evolution. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 11(2): 220–244. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2014.903217.10.1080/19331681.2014.903217Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, Anders Olof (2015): Pandering, protesting, engaging. Norwegian party leaders on Face-book during the 2013 ‘Short campaign’. Information, Communication & Society 18(4): 459–473. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2014.967269.10.1080/1369118X.2014.967269Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, Anders Olof – Hallvard Moe (2012): Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign, New Media & Society 14 (5): 729–747. DOI: 10.1177/1461444811422894.10.1177/1461444811422894Search in Google Scholar

Lasswell, Harold D. (1927): Propaganda Techniques in the World War, New York, NY: Knopf.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, Benjamin – Vincent Campbell (2016), Looking Out or Turning in? Organizational Ramifications of Online Political Posters on Facebook. The International Journal of Press/Politics 21(3): 313–337. DOI: 10.1177/1940161216645928.10.1177/1940161216645928Search in Google Scholar

Lister, Martin et al. (2009): New Media: a critical introduction. 2nd edition, Abingdon: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Magin, Melanie et al. (2017): Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns. Information, Communication & Society 20(11): 1698–1719. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269.10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269Search in Google Scholar

Mascheroni, Giovanna – Alice Mattoni (2013): Electoral Campaigning 2.0 – the Case of Italian Regional Elections, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 10 (2): 223–240. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2012.758073.10.1080/19331681.2012.758073Search in Google Scholar

McKelvey, Karissa – Joseph DiGrazia – Fabio Rojas (2014): Twitter publics: how online political communities signaled electoral outcomes in the 2010 US house election. Information, Communication & Society 17(4): 436–450. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2014.892149.10.1080/1369118X.2014.892149Search in Google Scholar

Meraz, Sharon (2015): Quantifying Partisan Selective Exposure Through Network Text Analysis of Elite Political Blog Networks During the U.S. 2012 Presidential Election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12(1): 37–53. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2014.974119.10.1080/19331681.2014.974119Search in Google Scholar

Mirer, Michael L. – Leticia Bode (2015): Tweeting in defeat: How candidates concede and claim victory in 140 characters. New Media & Society 17(3): 453–469. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813505364.10.1177/1461444813505364Search in Google Scholar

Nahon, Karine et al. (2011): Fifteen Minutes of Fame: The Power of Blogs in the Lifecycle of Viral Political Information. Policy & Internet 3(1): 1–28. DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1108.10.2202/1944-2866.1108Search in Google Scholar

Park, Chang Sup (2015): Applying “Negativity Bias” to Twitter: Negative News on Twitter, Emotions, and Political Learning. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12(4): 342–359. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2015.1100225.10.1080/19331681.2015.1100225Search in Google Scholar

Parkin, Michael (2012): The Impact of Multimedia Technology on Candidate Website Visitors. Journal of Political Marketing 11(3): 143–164. DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2012.699414.10.1080/15377857.2012.699414Search in Google Scholar

Raynauld, Vincent – Josh Greenberg (2014): Tweet, Click, Vote: Twitter and the 2010 Ottawa Municipal Election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 11(4): 412–434. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2014.935840.10.1080/19331681.2014.935840Search in Google Scholar

Russmann, Uta (2011): Targeting Voters via the Web – A Comparative Structural Analysis of Austrian and German Party Websites. Policy & Internet 3(3): 1–23. DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1085.10.2202/1944-2866.1085Search in Google Scholar

Schweitzer, Eva Johanna (2011): Normalization 2.0: A longitudinal analysis of German online campaigns in the national elections 2002–9. European Journal of Communication 26(4): 310–327. DOI: 10.1177/0267323111423378.10.1177/0267323111423378Search in Google Scholar

Skovsgaard, Morten – Arjen Van Dalen (2013): Dodging the Gatekeepers? Social media in the campaign mix during the 2011 Danish elections. Information, Communication & Society 16(5): 737–756. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.783876.10.1080/1369118X.2013.783876Search in Google Scholar

Small, Tamara A. (2011): What the Hashtag? A content analysis of Canadian politics on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society 14(6): 872–895. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572.10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572Search in Google Scholar

Statista.com (2017): Most famous social network sites worldwide as of January 2017, ranked by number of active users (in millions) [online], The Statistics Portal [cit. 2017-03-29]: available at<https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/>.Search in Google Scholar

Tomasello, Tami K. – Youngwon Lee – April B. Baer (2010): ‘New media’ research publication trends and outlets in communication, 1990–2006. New Media & Society 12(4): 531–548. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809342762.10.1177/1461444809342762Search in Google Scholar

Towner, Terri L. – David A. Duolio (2011): An experiment of campaign effects during the YouTube election. New Media & Society 13 (4): 626–644. DOI: 10.1177/1461444810377917.10.1177/1461444810377917Search in Google Scholar

Vaccari, Cristian (2013): A tale of two e-parties: Candidate websites in the 2008 US presidential primaries. Party Politics 19(1): 19–40. DOI: 10.1177/1354068810391287.10.1177/1354068810391287Search in Google Scholar

Van Noort, Guda – Rens Vliegenhart – Sanne Kruikemeier (2016): Return on interactivity? The characteristics and effectiveness of Web sites during the 2010 Dutch local elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13(4): 325–364. DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2016.1230921.10.1080/19331681.2016.1230921Search in Google Scholar

Vergeer, Maurice (2012): Politics, elections and online campaigning: Past, present… and a peek into the future. New Media & Society 15(1): 9–17. DOI: 10.1177/1461444812457327.10.1177/1461444812457327Search in Google Scholar

Vergeer, Maurice/Philip Hans Franses (2016): Live audience responses to live televised election debates: time series analysis of issue salience and party salience on audience behaviour. Information, Communication & Society 19(10): 1390–1410. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093526.10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093526Search in Google Scholar

Vesnic-Alujevic, Lucia/Sofie Van Bauwel (2014), YouTube: A Political Advertising Tool? A Case Study of the Use of YouTube in the Campaign for the European Parliament Elections 2009. Journal of Political Marketing 13(3): 195–212. DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2014.929886.10.1080/15377857.2014.929886Search in Google Scholar