Life-cycle cost estimation of a building structure: An example of partition walls
and | Feb 13, 2024
About this article
Article Category: Research Paper
Published Online: Feb 13, 2024
Page range: 13 - 26
Received: Aug 07, 2023
Accepted: Nov 12, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2023-0017
Keywords
© 2023 Vojtech Biolek et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1:
![Chart showing the dependence of LCC and possibilities to influence it at various stages of the building’s life cycle and types of documentation (own work based on the researches of Tillmann [1997] and Prostějovská [2008]). CID, construction implementation stage; COS, construction study stage; CPD, construction permit documents; LCC, life-cycle costs; PPD, planning permit documents.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65cb7a51c8e724130865a1f5/j_otmcj-2023-0017_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240517T111750Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240517%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=3f3f0d00026b0f97a102ac5c6b0562ca940c0a01d9beddfc18ee0433228f2f05)
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Fig. 6:
Database of the service life and scopes and frequencies of repairs for masonry and prefabricated partitions (own work, and based on Marková’s study [2011])
| Masonry partitions | Lifetime (years) | Repairs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scope in percentage (%) | Frequency (years) | ||
| Masonry partitions | 100 | – | – |
| Lime plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Lime-cement plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Cement plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Gypsum plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Clay plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Thermal insulation plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Barite plaster | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Plasterboard partitions | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
| Fibreboard partitions | 100 | Under 50 | 30 |
Specification of requirements for the partition at various levels of project documentation (own work)
| Project documentation level | Partition type | Plaster type | Partition thickness |
|---|---|---|---|
| COS | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| PPD | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| CPD | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Distribution of undiscounted LCC components according to the individual stages of preparation of design documents (own work)
| Descriptive statistics measure | Acquisition price (EUR/m2) | IRL (EUR/m2) | Demolition costs (EUR/m2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COS | PPD | CPD | COS | PPD | CPD | COS | PPD | CPD | |
| Average | 67.1 | 56.3 | 50.5 | 73.2 | 59.6 | 53.8 | 15.1 | 12.9 | 16.9 |
| Maximum | 149.7 | 105.3 | 60.8 | 225.6 | 81.5 | 63.5 | 27.1 | 20.8 | 20.8 |
| Minimum | 36.6 | 36.6 | 39.1 | 42.8 | 42.8 | 42.8 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 11.4 |
| Standard deviation | 21.2 | 12.9 | 5.1 | 36.6 | 8.7 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 3.0 |
| Coefficient of variation | 32 | 23 | 10 | 50% | 14 | 10 | 38 | 37 | 17 |
Sample of masonry partition from the database (own work, based on ÚRS, a.s., and Cemix [wall systém])
| Description | Simple partitions made of classic perforated bricks, tongue and groove joints with M5 mortar, brick strength up to P15, partition thickness 115 mm + 20 mm plaster thickness |
|---|---|
| Partition type | Masonry |
| Material type | Brick partition |
| Type of plaster | Lime-cement plaster |
| Base layer type | Acrylic-silicone primer |
| UoM | m2 |
| Acquisition costs | 43.4 EUR/m2 |
| Costs per one repair (according to |
14.3 EUR/m2 (undiscounted) |
| Demolition costs | 11.7 EUR/m2 (undiscounted) |
| Total weight | 0.14331 tonne |
| MH total | 1.3 MH/m2 |
| Laboratory weighted soundproofing (Rw) | 46 dB |
| Fire resistance | EI 180 |
| Suitability for damp conditions | Yes |
| Partition thickness | 135 mm |
A schematic of possible combinations of masonry–base layer–standard plaster (own work, based on Cemix [wall systém])
| Base layer / masonry | Lime plaster | Lime-cement plaster | Cement plaster | Gypsum plaster | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | |
| Burnt brick partitions | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | – |
| Unburnt brick partitions | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | – |
| Concrete block partitions | X | – | X | – | X | – | X | – | X | – | – | X | X | – | X | – | – | X | X | – | X | – | – | – |
| Ceramic block partitions | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | – |
| Calcium-silicate partitions | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | – |
| Cellular concrete partitions | – | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | X | – | – | – |
The scope of requirements for the individual properties of non-load-bearing partitions (own work)
| Soundproofing Rw (dB) | 35–74 - correction |
|---|---|
| Fire resistance | EI 15-EI 180 or N/A |
| Suitability for damp conditions | Yes/no |
| Partition thickness (mm) | 70-290 |
List of examined types of masonry partitions, plasters and base coat preparation (own work, based on ÚRS, a.s.)
| Types of masonry partitions | Types of plaster | Types of base coat preparation |
|---|---|---|
| Partitions made of burnt bricks | Lime plaster | Polymer-cement adhesive primer |
| Partitions made of unburnt bricks | Lime-cement plaster | Clay primer |
| Partitions made of concrete blocks | Cement plaster | Acrylic-silicone primer |
| Partitions made of ceramic blocks | Gypsum plaster | Clay spraying |
| Calcium-silicate partitions | Clay plaster (special) | Lime spray |
| Cellular concrete partitions | Thermal insulation plaster (special) | Cement spray |
| Concrete partitions for plasterless masonry | Barite plaster (special) | |
| Gypsum partitions for plasterless masonry |
Partition selected for CID (own work)
| Description | Partitions or simple partitions of concrete slip bricks on cement mortar, 120 mm thick + 20 mm plaster thickness |
|---|---|
| Partition type | Masonry |
| Material type | Brick partition |
| Type of plaster | Lime-cement plaster |
| Base layer type | Acrylic-silicone primer |
| UoM | m2 |
| LCC | 104.3 EUR/m2 undiscounted; 43.7 EUR/m2 discounted |
| Acquisition costs | 39.1 EUR/m2 |
| Costs per one repair (according to |
45.4 EUR/m2 undiscounted; 4.51 EUR/m2 discounted |
| Demolition costs | 19.9 EUR/m2 undiscounted; 0.2 EUR/m2 discounted |
| Total weight | 0.147 tonne |
| MH total | 1.7 MH/m2 |
| Laboratory weighted soundproofing (Rw) | 44 dB |
| Fire resistance | EI 90 |
| Suitability for damp conditions | Yes |
| Partition thickness | 140 mm |
Sample of prefabricated partition from the database (own work, based on ÚRS, a.s., and Heluz katalog)
| Description | Gypsum plasterboard partition with supporting structure made of simple steel profiles UW, CW simply sheathed with standard A board 12.5 mm thick, partition thickness 75 mm, profile 50, with insulation, EI 30, Rw up to 45 dB |
|---|---|
| Partition type | Prefabricated |
| Material type | Plasterboard partition |
| Board type | A 1 × 12.5 mm |
| UoM | m2 |
| Acquisition costs | 33.0 EUR/m2 |
| Costs per one repair (according to |
19.4 EUR/m2 (undiscounted) |
| Demolition costs | 5.1 EUR/m2 (undiscounted) |
| Total weight | 0.02493 tonne |
| MH total | 0.02476 MH/m2 |
| Laboratory weighted soundproofing (Rw) | 45 dB |
| Fire resistance | EI 30 |
| Suitability for damp conditions | No |
| Partition thickness | 100 mm |
LCC results for the individual stages of documentation – COS, PPD, CPD (own work)
| Descriptive statistics measure | LCC discounted (EUR/m2) | LCC undiscounted (EUR/m2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COS | PPD | CPD | COS | PPD | CPD | |
| Average | 74.5 | 62.3 | 56.0 | 155.2 | 128.6 | 121.1 |
| Maximum | 172.6 | 111.8 | 67.3 | 402.3 | 178.0 | 144.7 |
| Minimum | 42.5 | 42.5 | 43.7 | 97.8 | 97.8 | 97.8 |
| Standard deviation | 24.3 | 13.3 | 5.5 | 57.1 | 16.8 | 11.1 |
| Coefficient of variation | 33 | 21 | 10 | 37 | 13 | 9 |
A schematic of possible combinations of masonry–base layer–special plaster (own work, based on Cemix [wall systém])
| Base layer / masonry | Clay plaster | Thermal insulation plaster | Barite plaster | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | Polymer-cement adhesive primer | Clay primer | Acrylic-silicone primer | Clay spraying | Lime spray | Cement spray | |
| Burnt brick partitions | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | X |
| Unburnt brick partitions | O | O | O | O | O | O | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | X |
| Concrete block partitions | X | – | – | – | – | X | X | – | – | – | – | X | X | – | – | – | – | X |
| Ceramic block partitions | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | X |
| Calcium-silicate partitions | X | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | X |
| Cellular concrete partitions | – | X | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | X | – | – | – | – | – | X |
Correction of the weighted laboratory soundproofing according to ČSN 73 0532 (ČSN 73 0532 [730532])
| Dividing element | Side structure | Correction (dB) |
|---|---|---|
| Masonry wall | 4× heavy | 2 |
| 3× heavy, 1× light | 3 | |
| 2× heavy, 2× light | 4 | |
| 1× heavy, 3× light | 5 | |
| Masonry skeleton | ≥4 | |
| Prefabricated partition | 4× heavy | 5 |
| Rw ≤55 dB | 3× heavy, 1× light | 6 |
| 2× heavy, 2× light | 8 | |
| Prefabricated partition | 4× heavy | 6 |
| Rw ≥55 dB | 3× heavy, 1× light | 7 |
| 2× heavy, 2× light | ≥8 |